Imperfect public monitoring with costly punishment - An experimental study

This paper experimentally investigates the effects of a costly punishment option on cooperation and social welfare in long finitely repeated public good contribution games. In a perfect monitoring environment increasing the severity of the potential punishment monotonically increases both contributions and the average net payoffs of subjects. In a more realistic imperfect monitoring environment, we find a U-shaped relationship between the severity of punishment and average net payoffs. Access to a standard punishment technology in this setting significantly decreases net payoffs, even in the long run. Access to a very severe punishment technology leads to roughly the same payoffs as with no punishment option, as the benefits of increased cooperation offset the social costs of punishing.public good contribution experiments; imperfect monitoring; welfare implications of costly punishment

Modelling profitability of Indian banks

This paper identifies the key determinants of profitability of Indian banks. It integrates the macroeconomic environment and industry level variables of India for predicting profitability of Indian banks. A simultaneous equation system has been formulated to derive the estimates of net interest income (NII) and Credit for the banking system as a whole. Net interest income as well as efficiency ratio have significant role in determining profitability in Indian banking scenario. The Net interest income reacts inversely to bond yields and positively to credit. This stems from the inverse relationship of credit demand to bond yields and positive relationship of GDP with credit creation. Further, Deposit mix (higher share of low cost deposit in the total deposits) has favourable impact on NII%.Profitability, Net Interest Income, GDP, Interest Rate, Efficiency Ratio

Growth of Incumbent Firms and Entrepreneurship in Vietnam

This paper analyzes the relationship between the performance of incumbent firms and the net entry of new firms by combining different theoretical views of entrepreneurship. It shows that new knowledge and ideas created but not commercialized by incumbents are an important source of entrepreneurial opportunities for nascent firms. Different regression models to treat dynamics and endogeneity issues are applied to test the research hypothesis that growth of incumbent firms in a region will stimulate start-up activities by creating new profit opportunities for potential entrepreneurs. Vietnam’s regional micro-data from 2000 to 2008 are used for this test. Four controlling indicators – entrepreneurial demand, market structure, regional economic environment, and market innovativeness – are found to exert a statistically significant effect on new entries.

Banking risks around the world - the implicit safety net subsidy approach

The author calculates gross safety net subsidies for a large sample of banks in 12 countries, to assess the relationship between the risk-taking behavior of banks, and certain ban characteristics. He finds that gross safety net subsidies are higher for banks that have concentrated ownership, that are affiliated with a business group, that are small, or that have high credit growth, and for banks in countries with low GDP per capita, high inflation, or poor quality, and enforcement of the legal system. These findings suggest that the moral hazard behavior of a bank depends on its institutional environment, and its corporate governance structure. The author also presents a matrix that shows estimates of safety net subsidies for a range of given combinations of equity volatilities, and equity-to-deposit ratios. These figures could be used as input to an early warning system, for both individual, and systemic banking problems.Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Environmental Economics&Policies,Hazard Risk Management

The Petri Net Model for the Collaborative Virtual Environment on the Web

[[abstract]]This paper presents a Petri Net model to analyze the workflow of a web-based multiple participants virtual environment. The presented approach not only can conspicuously help the developer to comprehend the interaction relationship between the client-server virtual environments but also to easily construct a shared virtual world. Based on the presented Petri Net model, we propose an architecture for the collaborative virtual environment and implement a multiple user 3D web browsing system, called the SharedWeb system. Problems of providing the multi-user interaction on the Web and the solutions proposed by the Petri Net model are fully elaborated here. Some experimental results along with two demonstrated virtual world are also presented.[[notice]]補正完

Examining the quality of adolescent–parent relationships among Chilean families

The purpose of this study was to examine if adolescents reports of warm and harsh parenting practices by their mothers and fathers varied as a function of demographic, youth and their mothers or mother figures' individual and family characteristics. Data are from 707 community-dwelling adolescents (mean age=14, SD=1.4) and their mothers or mother figures in Santiago, Chile. Having a warmer relationship with both parents was inversely associated with the adolescents' age and positively associated with adolescents' family involvement and parental monitoring. Both mothers' and fathers' harsh parenting were positively associated with adolescent externalizing behaviors and being male and inversely associated with youth autonomy and family involvement. These findings suggest that net of adolescent developmental emancipation and adolescent behavioral problems, positive relationships with parents, especially fathers, may be nurtured through parental monitoring and creation of an interactive family environment, and can help to foster positive developmental outcomes.http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC3839673&blobtype=pdfAccepted manuscrip

Environment, Human Development and Economic Growth after Liberalisation: An Analysis of Indian States

Economic growth does not necessarily ensure environmental sustainability for a country. The relationship between the two is far more complicated for developing countries like India, given the dependence of a large section of the population on natural resources for livelihood. Under this backdrop, the current study attempts to analyze the relationships among Environmental Quality (EQ), Human Development (HD) and Economic Growth (EG) for 14 major Indian States during post liberalisation period (1991-2004). Further, for understanding the changes in EQ with the advancement of economic liberalisation, the analysis is carried out by dividing the sample period into two: Period A (1990–1996) and Period B (1997–2004). For both the sub-periods, 63 environmental indicators have been clustered under eight broad environmental groups and an overall index of EQ using the HDI methodology. The EQ ranks of the States exhibit variation over time, implying that environment has both spatial and temporal dimensions. Ranking of the States across different environmental criteria (groups) show that different States possess different strengths and weaknesses in managing various aspects of EQ. The HDI rankings of the States for the two periods are constructed by the HDI technique following the National Human Development Report 2001 methodology. We attempt to test for the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis through multivariate OLS regression models, which indicate presence of non-linear relationship between several individual environmental groups and per capita net state domestic product (PCNSDP). The relationship between EQ and economic growth however does not become clear from the current study. The regression results involving individual environment groups and HDI score indicate a slanting N-shaped relationship. The paper concludes that individual States should adopt environmental management practices based on their local (at the most disaggregated level) environmental information. Moreover, since environmental sustainability and human well-being are complementary to each other, individual States should attempt to translate the economic growth to human well-being.Environmental Quality; Economic Liberalisation; Economic Growth; Human Development; India

Hubungan Faktor Individu Dan Lingkungan Rumah Dengan Kejadian Malaria Di Puskesmas Koeloda Kecamatan Golewa Kabupaten Ngada Provinsi NTT

Malaria is infectious disease caused by parasite of plasmodium genus which is infected through the bites of female anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is considered a disease related of environment sanitation and behavior causing someone to be ill. The aim of the research is to findout the relationship between the use of repellent, mosquito net, knowledge, mosquito brood sites, home distance from mosquito brood, and cattel cultivation and the occurrence of malaria. The research is a cross sectional study. The sampel were 128 patients consisting of 43 patients suffering from malaria and 83 patients not suffering from malaria. The results of chi-square analysis indicate that the use repellent (X2 arithmetic (20,115), p=0,000), the use of mosquito net (X2 arithmetic (20,908), p=0,000), knowledge (X2 arithmetic (33,885), p=0,000), mosquito brood sites (X2 arithmetic (10,928), p=0,001), home distance from mosquito brood (X2 arithmetic (34,872 ), p=0,000), and cattle cultivation (X2 arithmetic (11,488), p=0,001) have a significant relationship with the occurrence of malaria. Thus, it is suggested to maintain einvironmental sanitation and prevent the behavior of having contact with mosquito.Keywords : individual and home environment, malari