Acute toxicity of synyhetic resin effluent to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus [BURCHELL, 1822].

Aquatic pollution as a field has gained a lot of attention over the decades majorly because of the vital role the aquatic environment plays in the human lifecycle. Indusrial wastewaters are often generated and discharged into the environment without treatment. Toxicity of effluents from Synythetic Resin production plant were evaluated in this study. Acute toxicity (96-h LC50) was evaluated using 0.23, 0.31, 0.35 and 0.39 mg/L of the effluent in a renewal bioassay procedure. Physicochemical parameters of the effluent were also evaluated, the values obtained for lead, cyanide, total suspened solid, total hadness, total dissolved solids and alkalinity were higher than the Federal Environmental Protection Agency standard specification for effluent discharge into aquatic environment and as such contributed to the effluent's toxicity. Mortality increased as the concentrations of the effluent increases and 0.355mg/L was obtained as LC50. The research eventually revealed that the synthetic resin effluent has a high level of toxicity to catfish. Deleterious effects such as biomagnification and other abberations may occur in man if exposed to substantial concentration of the effluent

Direct nanofiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent

Membrane technology, especially nanofiltration, is seen as a suitable technology to polish WWTP effluent to EU WFD standards and consequently produce an effluent quality suitable for agricultural or (in)direct potable usage. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of direct nanofiltration as technique for effluent reclamation

Transonic divider for gas chromatograph effluents

Transonic effluent divider system was developed which permits varying mass input of gas chromatographic effluent into mass spectrometer without affecting performance of gas chromatograph. Mechanisms of operation are described

Response of short rotation forestry to dairy farm-pond effluent irrigation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Agricultural Engineering at Massey University

A growing concern to protect the environment has prompted Regional Councils in New Zealand to monitor compliance under the Resource Management Act (1991) covering the discharge of wastewater into waterways. To meet the desired standards, application of wastewater onto high dry matter producing short vegetation forests offers opportunity for the beneficial use of nutrients while renovating the wastewater. A field trial was established near Palmerston North to determine the response of nine Salix clones and one Eucalyptus short rotation forest (SRF) species to dairy farm effluent irrigation and to determine their water and nutrient uptake potential. A micro sprinkler irrigation system was designed to operate at 100 kPa and supply each plot of 16 trees with either 7.5 mm. 15 mm, or 30 mm of dairy farm effluent every two weeks. Twenty-four applications were made covering two growing seasons with a break over winter. A control treatment of 7.5 mm of water + 187.5 kg N haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ was included, being equivalent to the nitrogen addition from the lowest effluent application rate. The three SRF species, Salix matsudana x alba (NZ 1295). Salix kinuyanagi (PN 386) and Eucalyptus nitens were selected for more detailed analysis than the other seven Salix clones. This included the measurement of evapotranspiration rates and a pot trial to determine the tolerance level of seedlings to higher levels of effluent application. Application of up to 90 mm of effluent per fortnight increased the biomass production and nutrient accumulation of potted PN 386 and E. nitens. whereas the NZ 1295 produced optimum biomass and accumulation of nutrients at 60 mm of effluent application per fortnight. At the end of the first growing season, the above ground biomass of the ten tree species in the field trial was assessed using a non-destructive method followed by a destructive harvest at the end of the second growing season. Dry matter production in these short rotation forest crops varied with species and clones and with the amount of dairy farm-pond effluent applied. Salix NZ 1296. PN 386 and NZ 1295 irrigated with the highest application rate of 30 mm of effluent per fortnight produced the highest biomass yields of 37.91, 37.87 and 37.58 ODt haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ respectively. NZ 1296 irrigated with 30 mm of effluent per fortnight accumulated 196 kg N haˉ¹ yearˉ¹, 37.6 kg P haˉ¹ yearˉ¹, and 103.6 kg Mg haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ in its above ground biomass. E. nitens irrigated with 15 mm of effluent per fortnight produced a comparable above ground oven dry biomass yield of 36.33 ODt haˉ¹ yearˉ¹ and accumulated the highest amount of potassium and calcium in its above ground biomass giving 145.4 and 148.1 kg haˉ1 yearˉ¹, respectively. Transpiration monitoring during the second growing season using a heat pulse technique showed that under the highest application rate (30 mm per fortnight) on a cloud-free day. 15 month old NZ 1295 trees each transpired the highest cumulative amount of 6.38 mm day ˉ¹ compared to 2.71 mm dayˉ¹ for trees irrigated at the lowest rate (7.5 mm per fortnight). Results of this study overall suggest that increasing the rate of effluent irrigation will increase the soil pH. nitrates and exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations throughout the soil profile. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels decreased throughout the soil profile after the second growing season. The cation exchange capacity of the soil decreased with increased rate of effluent after the second growing season. The soil-SRF treatment system renovated the nutrients in the effluent. The soil-E. nitens treatment system renovated the highest percentage of total nitrogen (17.21t haˉ¹ mˉ¹ depth) equivalent to 96.45% of total nitrogen supplied by both the soil and the 30 mm of effluent applied per fortnight. The soil-PN 386 treatment system renovated the highest percentage of total phosphorus (6.4 t haˉ¹ mˉ¹ depth) equivalent to 92.72% of the total phosphorus available in the soil and supplied by the 7.5 mm of effluent treatment. The soil-NZ 1295 treatment system renovated the highest percentage of potassium (99.5%). calcium (98.74%) and magnesium (95.63%) supplied by both the soil and the 30 mm of effluent treatment. The capacity of the three SRF species to renovate total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the effluent decreased with increasing rates of application. PN 386 irrigated at 7.5 mm of effluent renovated the highest percentage of 99.45% of total nitrogen (114.25 kg haˉ¹ over two growing seasons) and 79.18% of total phosphorus (35.60 kg haˉ¹ over two growing seasons). The amounts of calcium and magnesium renovated by the SRF species were more than the amount supplied by even the highest rate of effluent (30 mm per fortnight). Salix PN 386. NZ 1295 and E. nitens are recommended SRF species to grow in a land treatment scheme for dairy farm pond-effluent when applied at a rate of 30 mm per fortnight over the growing period on to a silt loam soil. Pot trials showed higher volumes of effluent renovation on to PN 386 and E. nitens may be applicable when applied up to 90 mm of effluent per fortnight but further evaluation is needed before this can be recommended

Ozonation of trace organic compounds in different municipal and industrial wastewaters : kinetic-based prediction of removal efficiency and ozone dose requirements

For the wide application of ozonation in (industrial and municipal) wastewater treatment, prediction of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) removal and evaluation of energy requirements are essential for its design and operation. In this study, a kinetics approach, based on the correlation between the second order reaction rate constants of TrOCs with ozone and hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) and the ozone and (OH)-O-center dot exposure (i.e., integral (sic)O-3(sic)dt and integral [(OH)-O-center dot]dt, which are defined as the time integral concentration of O-3 and (OH)-O-center dot for a given reaction time), was validated to predict the elimination efficiency in not only municipal wastewaters but also industrial wastewaters. Two municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents from Belgium (HB-effluent) and China (QG-effluent) and two industrial wastewater treatment plant effluents respectively from a China printing and dyeing factory (PD-effluent) and a China lithium-ion battery factory (LZ-effluent) were used for this purpose. The (OH)-O-center dot scavenging rate from the major scavengers (namely alkalinity, effluent organic matter (EfOM) and NO2-) and the total (OH)-O-center dot scavenging rate of each effluent were calculated. The various water matrices and the (OH)-O-center dot scavenging rates resulted in a difference in the requirement for ozone dose and energy for the same level of TrOCs elimination. For example, for more than 90% atrazine (ATZ) abatement in HB-effluent (with a total (OH)-O-center dot scavenging rate of 1.9 x 10(5) s(-1)) the energy requirement was 12.3 x 10(-2) kWh/m(3), which was lower than 30.1 x 10(-2) kWh/m(3) for PD-effluent (with the highest total (OH)-O-center dot scavenging rate of 4.7 x 10(5) s(-1)). Even though the water characteristics of selected wastewater effluents are quite different, the results of measured and predicted TrOCs abatement efficiency demonstrate that the kinetics approach is applicability for the prediction of target TrOCs elimination by ozonation in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant effluents

Evaluation of Effects of Wastewater Treatment Discharge on Estuarine Water Quality

This report marks the completion of a two-year project focused on observed and estimated effects of wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) on estuarine water quality within the New Hampshire (NH) Seacoast region. This study was designed and carried out in an effort to help the NH Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) and NH Estuaries Project (NHEP) evaluate the effects of WWTF effluent quality on bacterial and nutrient concentrations in New Hampshire’s estuarine waters, as well as to help NHDES/NHEP identify related WWTF infrastructure problems. An extensive database of bacterial and nutrient concentrations in effluent collected post-disinfection from 9 NH WWTFs and 2 Maine WWTFs that discharge into the Great Bay and Hampton/Seabrook estuaries was developed. The data were used to determine ratios between different bacterial indicators in WWTF effluent, estimates of in-stream bacterial concentrations following effluent discharge to receiving waters and estimates of nutrient loading from selected WWTFs

Hyaluronate levels in donor organ washout effluents: a simple and predictive parameter of graft viability

The principal cause of primary non-function in orthotopic liver transplantation is thought to be preservation injury to the microvasculature. We, therefore, evaluated if effluent levels of hyaluronate, whose uptake is an endothelial cell marker, could predict early graft function and ultimate graft outcome in orthotopic liver transplantation. A total of 102 cases were studied in two phases. In the first phase, we attempted to determine if a correlation existed between effluent hyaluronate levels, early graft function and ultimate graft outcome. This phase of the study was also used to determine hypothetical cut-off values for hyaluronate which could discriminate between good and bad livers. Thirty-two livers orthotopically transplanted to randomly selected primary recipients were studied. After varying periods of static cold storage (4°C) in University of Wisconsin solution, the livers were reinfused with cold (4°C) lactated Ringer’s solution. The first 50 ml of the reperfusion effluent was collected from the infrahepatic vena cava. Effluent samples were analyzed for hyaluronate. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between effluent hyaluronate levels and post-operative aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels (p<0.001 for both). Logistic regression demonstrated a highly significant correlation (p = 0.0056) between effluent hyaluronate levels and ultimate graft outcome. Generation of Receiver Characteristics Curves indicated that a level between 400 and 430 μg·l(−1) could possibly discriminate between good livers and those at risk of early graft failure. The authenticity of this hyaluronate cut-off level was further confirmed in the second phase of the study where 70 consecutive primary crossmatch-negative transplants were performed. A highly significant difference was observed in peak aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels in the first week (p<0.0006 and p<0.0005, respectively) between livers with effluent hyaluronate levels≤400 μg·l(−1) and livers with hyaluronate levels higher than 400 μg·l(−1) Logistic regression revealed a highly significant correlation between effluent hyaluronate levels and graft success (p=0.0001). Since hyaluronate uptake by the microvascular endothelial cell is significantly greater than production, high hyaluronate effluent levels in failed livers would be due to decreased hyaluronate uptake by the injured microvascular endothelial cell. We therefore conclude that effluent hyaluronate levels may prove to be a reliable preoperative test to assess early graft function and outcome in clinical orthotopic liver transplantation

Factors affecting cleanup of exhaust gases from a pressurized, fluidized-bed coal combustor

The cleanup of effluent gases from the fluidized-bed combustion of coal is examined. Testing conditions include the type and feed rate of the coal and the sulfur sorbent, the coal-sorbent ratio, the coal-combustion air ratio, the depth of the reactor fluidizing bed, and the technique used to physically remove fly ash from the reactor effluent gases. Tests reveal that the particulate loading matter in the effluent gases is a function not only of the reactor-bed surface gas velocity, but also of the type of coal being burnt and the time the bed is operating. At least 95 percent of the fly ash particules in the effluent gas are removed by using a gas-solids separator under controlled operating conditions. Gaseous pollutants in the effluent (nitrogen and sulfur oxides) are held within the proposed Federal limits by controlling the reactor operating conditions and the type and quantity of sorbent material

The Costs and Benefits of Effluent Management Compliance in the Waikato Region of New Zealand

Dairy farming in the Waikato Region has contributed greatly to the reduction of water quality. Part of this is attributable to the issue of inappropriate disposal of dairy effluent. Regional authority data shows both costs and benefits of complying with effluent management regulations. Private costs result from system and management improvements, while private benefits are largely due to reduced fertiliser requirements. Decreases in the volume of 'non-compliant effluent', resulting from improved compliance, are used as an indicator to illustrate reduced environmental effects. The benefits of becoming compliant outweigh the costs for half the farms analysed. More incentives are required to promote compliance from the other farms although their environmental effects are generally smaller.Dairy farming, environment, effluent, compliance, cost, benefit.,