Implementation of Power Clock Generation Method for Pass-Transistor Adiabatic Logic 4:1 MUX

we proposed a sinusoidal single phase power clock generation method for 4:1 MUX which is designed in adiabatic logic form. For the power clock generation we presented radio frequency (3 KHz to 3 GHz) DC-AC converter. We have also obtained square wave from RC square wave oscillator consisting of cascaded NOT gates. This square wave and its inverted and phase shifted version are used as gate-drive signals for MOSFET switches those are used in the LC sine wave resonant circuit. The obtained power clock is then applied to a 4:1 MUX which is implemented in Pass-transistor Adiabatic Logic (PAL) style to illustrate power saving. It is observed that PAL 4:1 MUX is about 2 times more power efficient than that of conventional CMOS 4:1 MUX. If for 4:1 MUX, PAL logic is implemented in place of conventional CMOS logic, power saving per MUX that is achieved is about 47%. A 1 µm technology with ml2_20 as library is used for obtaining simulation results. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15060

Beyond Moore's technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

The predictions of Moore's law are considered by experts to be valid until 2020 giving rise to "post-Moore's" technologies afterwards. Energy efficiency is one of the major challenges in high-performance computing that should be answered. Superconductor digital technology is a promising post-Moore's alternative for the development of supercomputers. In this paper, we consider operation principles of an energy-efficient superconductor logic and memory circuits with a short retrospective review of their evolution. We analyze their shortcomings in respect to computer circuits design. Possible ways of further research are outlined.Comment: OPEN ACCES

Adiabatic Approach for Low-Power Passive Near Field Communication Systems

This thesis tackles the need of ultra-low power electronics in the power limited passive Near Field Communication (NFC) systems. One of the techniques that has proven the potential of delivering low power operation is the Adiabatic Logic Technique. However, the low power benefits of the adiabatic circuits come with the challenges due to the absence of single opinion on the most energy efficient adiabatic logic family which constitute appropriate trade-offs between computation time, area and complexity based on the circuit and the power-clocking schemes. Therefore, five energy efficient adiabatic logic families working in single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase power-clocking schemes were chosen. Since flip-flops are the basic building blocks of any sequential circuit and the existing flip-flops are MUX-based (having more transistors) design, therefore a novel single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase reset based flip-flops were proposed. The performance of the multi-phase adiabatic families was evaluated and compared based on the design examples such as 2-bit ring counter, 3-bit Up-Down counter and 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) circuit (benchmark circuit) based on ISO 14443-3A standard. Several trade-offs, design rules, and an appropriate range for the supply voltage scaling for multi-phase adiabatic logic are proposed. Furthermore, based on the NFC standard (ISO 14443-3A), data is frequently encoded using Manchester coding technique before transmitting it to the reader. Therefore, if Manchester encoding can be implemented using adiabatic logic technique, energy benefits are expected. However, adiabatic implementation of Manchester encoding presents a challenge. Therefore, a novel method for implementing Manchester encoding using adiabatic logic is proposed overcoming the challenges arising due to the AC power-clock. Other challenges that come with the dynamic nature of the adiabatic gates and the complexity of the 4-phase power-clocking scheme is in synchronizing the power-clock v phases and the time spent in designing, validation and debugging of errors. This requires a specific modelling approach to describe the adiabatic logic behaviour at the higher level of abstraction. However, describing adiabatic logic behaviour using Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) is a challenging problem due to the requirement of modelling the AC power-clock and the dual-rail inputs and outputs. Therefore, a VHDL-based modelling approach for the 4-phase adiabatic logic technique is developed for functional simulation, precise timing analysis and as an improvement over the previously described approaches

Robustness of Power Analysis Attack Resilient Adiabatic Logic: WCS-QuAL under PVT Variations

In this paper, we propose Without Charge Sharing Quasi Adiabatic Logic (WCS-QuAL) as a countermeasure against Power Analysis Attacks. We evaluate and compare our logic with the recently proposed secure adiabatic logic designs SPGAL and EE-SPFAL at frequencies ranging from 1MHz to 100MHz. Simulation results show that WCS-QuAL outperforms the existing secure adiabatic logic designs on the basis of % Normalized Energy Deviation (NED) and % Normalized Standard Deviation (NSD) at all simulated frequencies. Also, all 2-input gates using WCS-QuAL dissipate nearly equal energy for all possible input transitions. In addition, the energy dissipated by WCS-QuAL approaches to the energy dissipation of EESPFAL and SPGAL as the output load capacitance is increased above 100fF. To further evaluate and compare the performance, GF (24) bit-parallel multiplier was implemented as a design example. The impact of Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) variations, power supply scaling and technology on the performance of the three logic designs was investigated and compared. Simulation results show that WCS-QuAL passed the functionality test against PVT variations and can perform well against the power supply scaling (from 1.8V to 0.5V). It also exhibits the least value of %NED and %NSD against PVT variations and when the power supply is scaled down compared to EE-SPFAL and SPGAL. At lower technology, WCS-QuAL, shows more improvement in energy dissipation than EE-SPFAL

Energy efficient implementation of multi-phase quasi-adiabatic Cyclic Redundancy Check in near field communication

Ultra-low power operation in power-limited portable devices (e.g. cell phone and smartcard) is paramount. Existing conventional CMOS consume high energy. The adiabatic logic technique has the potential of rendering energy efficient operation. In this paper, a multi-phase quasi-adiabatic implementation of 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is proposed, compliant with the ISO/IEC-14443 standard for contactless smart cards. In terms of a number of CRC bits, the design is scalable and all generator polynomials and initial load values can be accommodated. The CRC design is used as a vehicle to evaluate a range of adiabatic logic styles and power-clock strategies. The effects of voltage scaling and variations in Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) are also investigated providing an insight into the robustness of adiabatic logic styles. PFAL and IECRL designs using a 4-phase power-clock are shown to be both the most energy-efficient and robust designs