Prediction-Based Energy Saving Mechanism in 3GPP NB-IoT Networks

The current expansion of the Internet of things (IoT) demands improved communication platforms that support a wide area with low energy consumption. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project introduced narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) as IoT communication solutions. NB-IoT devices should be available for over 10 years without requiring a battery replacement. Thus, a low energy consumption is essential for the successful deployment of this technology. Given that a high amount of energy is consumed for radio transmission by the power amplifier, reducing the uplink transmission time is key to ensure a long lifespan of an IoT device. In this paper, we propose a prediction-based energy saving mechanism (PBESM) that is focused on enhanced uplink transmission. The mechanism consists of two parts: first, the network architecture that predicts the uplink packet occurrence through a deep packet inspection; second, an algorithm that predicts the processing delay and pre-assigns radio resources to enhance the scheduling request procedure. In this way, our mechanism reduces the number of random accesses and the energy consumed by radio transmission. Simulation results showed that the energy consumption using the proposed PBESM is reduced by up to 34% in comparison with that in the conventional NB-IoT method

A comprehensive simulation analysis of LTE Discontinuous Reception (DRX)

In an LTE cell, Discontinuous Reception (DRX) allows the central base station to configure User Equipments for periodic wake/sleep cycles, so as to save energy. DRX operations depend on several parameters, which can be tuned to achieve optimal performance with different traffic profiles (i.e., CBR vs. bursty, periodic vs. sporadic, etc.). This work investigates how to configure these parameters and explores the trade-off between power saving, on one side, and per-user QoS, on the other. Unlike previous work, chiefly based on analytical models neglecting key aspects of LTE, our evaluation is carried out via simulation. We use a fully-fledged packet simulator, which includes models of all the protocol stack, the applications and the relevant QoS metrics, and employ factorial analysis to assess the impact of the many simulation factors in a statistically rigorous way. This allows us to analyze a wider spectrum of scenarios, assessing the interplay of the LTE mechanisms and DRX, and to derive configuration guidelines

System-level analysis of the tradeoffs between power saving and capacity/QoS with DRX in LTE

In an LTE cell, Discontinuous Reception (DRX) allows the central base station to configure User Equipment for periodic wake/sleep cycles, so as to save energy. Several parameters are associated to DRX operations, thus allowing for optimal performance with different traffic profiles (i.e., CBR-like, bursty, periodic arrivals of variable-sized packets, etc.). This work investigates how to configure these parameters and explores the tradeoff between power saving, on one side, and per-user QoS and cell capacity, on the other. Unlike previous work, mostly based on analytical models neglecting key aspects of LTE, our evaluation is carried out using a fully-fledged packet simulator. This allows us to discover previously unknown relationships and to propose configuration guidelines for operators

Semi-persistent RRC protocol for machine-type communication devices in LTE networks

In this paper, we investigate the design of a radio resource control (RRC) protocol in the framework of long-term evolution (LTE) of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project regarding provision of low cost/complexity and low energy consumption machine-type communication (MTC), which is an enabling technology for the emerging paradigm of the Internet of Things. Due to the nature and envisaged battery-operated long-life operation of MTC devices without human intervention, energy efficiency becomes extremely important. This paper elaborates the state-of-the-art approaches toward addressing the challenge in relation to the low energy consumption operation of MTC devices, and proposes a novel RRC protocol design, namely, semi-persistent RRC state transition (SPRST), where the RRC state transition is no longer triggered by incoming traffic but depends on pre-determined parameters based on the traffic pattern obtained by exploiting the network memory. The proposed RRC protocol can easily co-exist with the legacy RRC protocol in the LTE. The design criterion of SPRST is derived and the signalling procedure is investigated accordingly. Based upon the simulation results, it is shown that the SPRST significantly reduces both the energy consumption and the signalling overhead while at the same time guarantees the quality of service requirements

Performance Evaluation of Power Efficient Mechanisms on Multimedia over LTE-A Networks

Power optimization is a critical challenge in multimedia services over cellular communication systems. Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) has been developed for higher bandwidth access for accommodating today’s heavy data applications to provide better performance. Idle mode permits cellularstations to manipulate power and sources with the aid of limiting its activity for discrete periods and this eliminates the lively requirement for handover and other ordinary operations. Also, provides a periodical method for the cell station for pending downlink traffic directed to the cellularstation and as a result gets rid network handover traffic from basically inactive cellular stations. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) has been carried out to decrease the power intake of the consumer device, and transmission of big quantity of data. At data transfer, mobile device and the network phases negotiation occur. During other times, the device turns its receiver off and enters a low power state. Thereby similarly assisting numerous services and big quantities of information transmissions. This study prepossession of a massive quantity of data. Also proposes the two-power optimization modes idle mode and DRX mode parameters to achieve maximum possible power saving with the higher quality of multimedia services. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using DRX short cycles and DRX long cycles on multimedia services and the overall performance. Using OPNET Simulator 17.5, it concluded that DRX mechanism is preferred to operate compared with the Idle mechanism, also resulted that the DRX long cycles are a very good choice for all multimedia services and the overall network performance

Energy efficiency in short and wide-area IoT technologies—A survey

In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions

Cyber security vulnerabilities during long term evolution power-saving discontinuous reception protocol

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless access communications network that consists of base stations called eNodeBs (eNBs), which allow connectivity between the mobile device or user equipment (UE) and the core network. To save battery power, the UE can turn off its radio transceiver circuitry, based on various parameters exchanged during the attach procedure with its serving eNB, using a protocol called discontinuous reception (DRX). During the DRX period, the UE is still connected to the network and its receiver is turned on periodically to determine if the eNB has sent any packets to it. This thesis develops the concepts of using simulation to demonstrate if a denial of service attack during the long DRX period, as hypothesized by some researchers, can be realized. Requirements for experimentation were identified and current simulation tools were evaluated as potential candidates. The tools applied were the LTE standards, the open source ns-3 network simulator and analysis of actual LTE packet traces. Follow-on studies will be required in order to address issues due to the incompleteness of the ns-3 LTE model and the incompatibility of the file format for LTE traces with that required by the Wireshark network protocol analyzer. Essentially, neither tool contains the DRX algorithm.http://archive.org/details/cybersecurityvul1094542650Civilian, Department of Homeland SecurityApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited