Force variability as an objective measure of surgical skill

This study investigated the force variability of subjects with different level of surgical skills for different force levels. Twelve participants were recruited from three different levels of surgical experiences: A group of surgeon (N = 4), medical student (N = 3) and engineering student (N = 5) underwent a simple finger force control task using a custom developed ‘Force Matching’ module. Three different levels of target force were used: 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N. The task was performed simultaneously using right and left hands. The mean error of force was measured to compare the performance between the three group using Kruskal-Wallis test. A statistically significant difference was detected among the three groups at 2 N when using right hand. We also found that the surgeon group made less error compared to the two other groups at force level 4 N and 6 N for both hands. This finding has important implication for developing a parametric assessment model to evaluate basic skill level in surgical procedures. However, for most accurate result, a big sample size of subject is require

Effect of grip force and training in unstable dynamics on micromanipulation accuracy

10.1109/TOH.2011.33IEEE Transactions on Haptics43167-17