Edinburgh's Statistical Machine Translation Systems for WMT16

This paper describes the University of Edinburgh’s phrase-based and syntax-based submissions to the shared translation tasks of the ACL 2016 First Conference on Machine Translation (WMT16). We submitted five phrase-based and five syntaxbased systems for the news task, plus one phrase-based system for the biomedical task

Ontology mapping: the state of the art

Ontology mapping is seen as a solution provider in today's landscape of ontology research. As the number of ontologies that are made publicly available and accessible on the Web increases steadily, so does the need for applications to use them. A single ontology is no longer enough to support the tasks envisaged by a distributed environment like the Semantic Web. Multiple ontologies need to be accessed from several applications. Mapping could provide a common layer from which several ontologies could be accessed and hence could exchange information in semantically sound manners. Developing such mapping has beeb the focus of a variety of works originating from diverse communities over a number of years. In this article we comprehensively review and present these works. We also provide insights on the pragmatics of ontology mapping and elaborate on a theoretical approach for defining ontology mapping

Utility of behavioural science in landscape architecture: investigating the application of environment-behaviour theory and its research methods to fit the spatial agenda of design

This thesis attempts to address the behavioural science /design `applicability gap' problem currently concerning professional academics and researchers in landscape architecture and related disciplines. Building on research carried out by others, it attempts to gain further insight into the nature of the problem, how the gap specifically relates to landscape design, how it manifests itself in the design process, and how the problem might realistically be addressed. It is argued that in order to address the gap problem in landscape architecture, it is also necessary to address the wider problem of the lack of communication and understanding between research and design spheres. Therefore, the study is conducted from a combined research/design perspective. A critical review of the literature combined with project driven reflection -in- action analysis establishes a lack of compatibility of environment- behaviour theory, and its research methods, with the landscape designer's spatial approach. It is argued that there is a need for theory- building to facilitate the practical application of integrated spatial -behaviour analysis. As a result, a framework of spatial/behavioural compatible theories and concepts, and a set of practical tools and techniques, are conceptualised, and their application explored, for site survey analysis. The utility of the approach is demonstrated for embodying user needs evaluation within the design process and for providing a method for contextualising research. Finally, a shift in thinking is envisaged in which research and design approaches are reconciled

Analysis of the inspection of mechanical parts using dense range data

More than ever, efficiency and quality are key words in modern industry. This situation enhances the importance of quality control and creates a great demand for cheap and reliable automatic inspection systems. Taking into account these facts and the demand for systems able to inspect the final shape of machined parts, we decided to investigate the viability of automatic model-based inspection of mechanical parts using the dense range data produced by laser stripers. Given a part to be inspected and a corresponding model of the part stored in the model data base, the first step of inspecting the part is the acquisition of data corresponding to the part, in our case this means the acquisition of a range image of it. In order to be able to compare the part image and its stored model, it is necessary to align the model with the range image of the part. This process, called registration, corresponds to finding the rigid transformation that superposes model and image. After the image and model are registered, the actual inspection uses the range image to verify if all the features predicted in the model are present and have the right pose and dimensions. Therefore, besides the acquisition of range images, the inspection of machined parts involves three main issues: modelling, registration and inspection diagnosis. The application, for inspection purposes, of the main representational schemes for modelling solid objects is discussed and it is suggested the use of EDT models (see [Zeid 91]). A particular implementation of EDT models is presented. A novel approach for the verification of tolerances during the inspection is proposed. The approach allows not only the inspection of the most common tolerances described in the tolerancing standards, but also the inspection of tolerances defined according to Requicha's theory of tolerancing (see [Requicha 83]). A model of the sensitivity and reliability of the inspection process based on the modelling of the errors during the inspection process is also proposed. The importance of the accuracy of the registration in different inspections tasks is discussed. A modified version of the ICP algorithm (see [Besl &; McKay 92]) for the registration of sculptured surfaces is proposed. The maximum accuracy of the ICP algorithm, as a function of the sensor errors and the number of matched points, is determined. A novel method for the measurement and reconstruction of waviness errors on sculp¬ tured surfaces is proposed. The method makes use of the 2D Discrete Fourier Transform for the detection and reconstruction of the waviness error. A model of the sensitivity and reliability of the method is proposed. The application of the methods proposed is illustrated using synthetic and real range image

The city main structure's importance in urban life and transformation

The concept of city main structure goes back to the ideas of E. Bacon (1974) and it is extended in this thesis to develop a concept for looking at city evolution. The hypothesis is based on the belief that the role of the central part of a city, its city main structure within the larger city structure, is the source of its holistic transformation and development.The hypothesis understands that a city operates and transforms according to the city main structure, an intangible set of intrinsic phenomena that underlie urban life, overall form and identity.The research uses the insights offered by the philosophy of structuralism to derive the underlying forces of urban transformation.The study seeks to understand the significance of the city main structure in different dimensions of urban life. Understanding the interaction between underlying political, economic, sociocultural forces as deep structural elements is an important aspect of the research objectives. This research also studies how physical or functional changes follow changes in the underlying forces.The approach to the research objectives is based on two methodologies:A) Deductive: a theoretical investigation based on the properties of the structure in the urban transformation process, as introduced by structuralism. This combines information from literature reviews and the ideas of key figures in urban development.B) Inductive: a study of the two cities of Edinburgh and Isfahan as examples of historical settlements that have undergone many transformations. An open -ended questionnaire is applied to elicit people's images of the city main structures to support the theoretical propositions of surface and deep structural city elements. The conclusion to this part is based on a comparative analysis of the case studies.The author finds that the city main structure prevents the city from stagnating and acts to transform the city to ever -higher levels of qualitative complexity. It confirms that the transformation is immaterial in nature but includes visible consequences. It is the mutual interaction of deep and surface structures.The research indicates that the cities of Edinburgh and Isfahan have maintained their city main structure despite new demands and desires that impose massive changes to their surface structures. The main explanation for this is that the re -use of physical historical elements allows cities to adapt new pressures into the old fabric, thereby reinforcing their historical processes of structural transformation.The research results are expected to open up a new way to envisage urban studies. The research aims to introduce a method for planners and decision -makers that opens up new avenues for thinking about urban transformation. It offers a way to reconstruct urban design theory around the search for underlying systems of order

Providing visualisation support for the analysis of anatomy ontology data

BACKGROUND: Improvements in technology have been accompanied by the generation of large amounts of complex data. This same technology must be harnessed effectively if the knowledge stored within the data is to be retrieved. Storing data in ontologies aids its management; ontologies serve as controlled vocabularies that promote data exchange and re-use, improving analysis. The Edinburgh Mouse Atlas Project stores the developmental stages of the mouse embryo in anatomy ontologies. This project is looking at the use of visual data overviews for intuitive analysis of the ontology data. RESULTS: A prototype has been developed that visualises the ontologies using directed acyclic graphs in two dimensions, with the ability to study detail in regions of interest in isolation or within the context of the overview. This is followed by the development of a technique that layers individual anatomy ontologies in three-dimensional space, so that relationships across multiple data sets may be mapped using physical links drawn along the third axis. CONCLUSION: Usability evaluations of the applications confirmed advantages in visual analysis of complex data. This project will look next at data input from multiple sources, and continue to develop the techniques presented to provide intuitive identification of relationships that span multiple ontologies

An empirical, in-depth investigation into service creation in H.323 Version 4 Networks

Over the past few years there has been an increasing tendency to carry voice on IP networks as opposed to the PSTN and other switched circuit networks. Initially this trend was favoured due to reduced costs but occurred at the expense of sacrificing the quality of the voice communications. Switched circuit networks have therefore remained the preferred carrier-grade voice communication network, but this is again changing. The advancement in improved quality of service (QoS) of real-time traffic on the IP network is a contributing factor to the anticipated future of the IP network supplying carrier-grade voice communications. Another contributing factor is the possibility of creating a new range of innovative, state-of-the-art telephony and communications services that acquire leverage through the intelligence and flexibility of the IP network. The latter has yet to be fully explored. Various protocols exist that facilitate the transport of voice and other media on IP networks. The most well known and widely supported of these is H.323. This work presents and discusses H.323 version 4 service creation. The work also categorises the various H.323 services and presents the mechanisms provided by H.323 version 4 that have facilitated the development of the three services I have developed, EmailReader, Telgo323 and CANS

Scottish men of letters and the new public sphere, 1802-1834

From the founding of the Edinburgh Review'm October of 1802 to the mid-1830s, Scotland's capital city, Edinburgh, produced a remarkable number of periodicals and periodical-writers. For a period of about three decades, Scottish writers dominated what Jiirgen Habermas would later call the 'public sphere'. The cultural forces that generated Scodand's ascendancy through periodical-writing and -publishing are examined with respect to four writers: Francis Jeffrey, John Wilson, John Gibson Lockhart, and Thomas Carlyle. Jeffrey used the idea of an open intellectual arena in order, ironically, to arrogate peremptory authority to the Edinburgh Review. Wilson made use of the new interest among metropolitan Scots in eloquent and energetic 'talk' (as opposed to conversation) in order to present himself as more authentically 'Scottish', and in the process helped to turn the periodical medium into something more individualistic and competitive than polite and reciprocal. Lockhart, having tacidy adopted a suspicion of imaginative literature inherited from his middle-class Scottish provenance, exhumed the tradition of 'amateurism' as an alternative to the new poetics of Romanticism. Carlyle, finally, channelled the authority implicit in the old Presbyterian sermon into his own essays, thereby consummating the shift in Scottish periodical-writing of this era from a discourse characterized by politeness and collaboration to one characterized by individual authority and peremptory pronouncements. By examining these writers as Scottish writers participating in the public sphere of early-nineteenth-century Britain, it is possible to conclude, first, that Scottish dominance in periodical-writing during this era was the result of specific historical circumstances rather than merely interesting coincidence; and, second, that Scottish writers helped to alter the eighteenth-century public sphere (to the extent it had existed in the Habermasian sense) into a print culture far more attuned to individual authority