Urjalândia a Circular : economia circular

O Planeta Terra tem vindo a sofrer alterações causadas pela ação do Homem. Pensávamos que os recursos ambientais eram inesgotáveis, tanto para a nossa geração como para as seguintes, e que iríamos ter matérias-primas suficientes para assegurar o nosso bem-estar e a nossa indústria. Mas a verdade é que não é bem assim.Há cada vez mais informação sobre problemas ambientais, alterações climáticas globais e escassez de recursos, como a água ou os alimentos, em várias regiões do mundo.Para tentar resolver estes problemas e melhorar a saúde do Planeta Terra, surgiram os conceitos de desenvolvimento sustentável e políticas amigas do ambiente. O grande desafio do nosso tempo é mudar mentalidades, disseminando informação, tanto sobre os problemas, como sobre as ações que necessitamos adotar para reverter a situação atual.Este livro tem por objetivo dar a conhecer ao público escolar, desde a educação pré-escolar até ao ensino secundário, o conceito de Economia Circular e como a adoção deste modelo pode ajudar tanto a economia como o ambient

Rumo aos desafios da economia circular : ferramentas de apoio a uma nova estratégia na prática de design

ABSTRACT : The circular economy is a new strategic concept to meet society's needs in a more efficient and sustainable manner based in decoupling the economic growth and welfare from the increase in the consumption of natural resources. It implies the transition from the traditional linear model to a more innovative and circular approach in the development of the economy by designing new products, new services, and new systems, supported, in most cases, by the re-thinking and creation of new business models. Designers and product developers have an important and crucial role to achieve a successful and wide implementation of the concept which has to be accepted and applied in practice by businesses along the whole value chain and meet the current and future needs of consumers and the society. Currently, several methods, principles, practices, tools, training initiatives, and many resources are being developed globally as a result of the wide exploitation of the concept, but there is still a large gap between what is available to companies and designers, and what is applied in practice on product and service development. This paper reflects part of the PhD research project under development by the authors which is based on the promotion of the design practice within Circular Economy. It explores the results of the review of circularity tools available that can be used by design professionals to systematize and guide their development process. The analysis will support the development of a toolkit and guidelines oriented for the practical implementation of the circular economy in the development of innovative and efficient products and services. (Camocho, Ferreira, & Vicente, 2018).A economia circular é um novo conceito estratégico que visa responder às necessidades da sociedade de uma forma mais eficiente e sustentável que se baseia na dissociação entre crescimento económico e bem-estar do aumento do consumo de recursos naturais. Esta transição, do modelo linear tradicional para uma abordagem mais inovadora e circular no desenvolvimento da economia implica o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, novos serviços e novos sistemas, apoiados, na maioria dos casos, no repensar e na criação de novos modelos de negócio. Os designers e os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de produtos têm um papel importante e crucial para alcançar uma implementação ampla e bem-sucedida do conceito. Este deve ser aceite e aplicado na prática pelas empresas ao longo de toda a cadeia de valor atendendo às necessidades atuais e futuras dos consumidores e da sociedade. Atualmente, vários métodos, princípios, práticas, ferramentas, iniciativas de formação e outros recursos têm sido desenvolvidos globalmente como resultado da ampla exploração do conceito, no entanto, ainda existe uma grande lacuna entre o que está disponível para empresas e designers e o que é aplicado na prática no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços. Este artigo reflete parte do projeto de investigação de doutoramento em desenvolvimento pelos autores, o qual se baseia na promoção da prática de design no âmbito da Economia Circular. Explora os resultados da revisão de ferramentas de circularidade disponíveis que podem ser aplicadas pelos profissionais de design na sistematização e orientação do processo de desenvolvimento. Esta análise irá apoiar o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de ferramentas e orientações para a implementação prática da economia circular no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços mais inovadores e mais eficientes. (Camocho, Ferreira & Vicente, 2018).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Structural models and structural change: analytical principles and methodological issues

Structural analysis is the main topic of this paper and structural change is a dominant theme of the present work. The analysis of structural models and of theories of structural changes carried out in this paper has a double meaning. On the one hand, it allows to pick up several essential principles that characterize these models, on the other hand, it should allow us to reconsider some important methodological issues under a new light, such as different methods of decomposition of the productive systems, the problem of complexity and the strategies to reduce complexity. Moreover, the paper tries to compare Quesnay’s Tableau, taken as a benchmark model, with Leontief’s, von Neumann’s and Sraffa’s models to pick up the different features of these models with respect to his theoretical framework and also to identify their characteristics for structural analysis and structural change.

A social accounting matrix approach to appraise sectors with a zero deficit public budget

El objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de una metodología empírica mixta para identificar, en un marco de déficit público cero, los sectores que tienen la capacidad de crecimiento de la producción y el empleo, teniendo también en cuenta las implicaciones ambientales de la producción de cada sector. Las actividades económicas se clasifican y seleccionan en función de sus multiplicadores de producción, empleo, y emisiones. Para un análisis empírico, se utiliza una Matriz de Contabilidad Social de la economía española para 2008. Entre los resultados, destaca el hecho de que la consideración del déficit cero en el presupuesto público altera significativamente la importancia de los sectores de desarrollo económico, resultando clave la elección de un criterio para determinar la asignación de los fondos públicos.The aim of this paper is to develop a mixed empirical methodology to identify, in a zero public deficit framework, those sectors with the capability for growth of output and employment, while also considering the environmental implications of the production of each sector. Their economic activities are ranked and selected in terms of their output, employment, and emissions multipliers. For an empirical analysis, a Social Accounting Matrix of the Spanish economy for 2008 is used. Among the findings, highlights the fact that consideration of the zero deficit in the public budget significantly alters the importance of the sectors for economic development, turning out key choosing a criterion for determining the allocation of public funds

PlaCarvoes-EC, de plásticos a carvões activados – economia circular nos plásticos agrícolas e urbanos

O projeto PlaCarvões propõe uma solução de aplicação dos princípios da Economia Circular na cadeia de valor dos plásticos, com a valorização de resíduos de plásticos (plástico agrícola, plásticos descartáveis e fração não valorizada dos RU) através da produção de carvões ativados. O carvão ativado tem diversas aplicações nomeadamente a filtragem e captação de poluentes de meios líquidos e gasosos, podendo ser utilizados em efluentes agroindustriais e urbanos em unidades de pequena a média dimensão, de base local e regional, tornando um resíduo num produto de elevado interesse económico e ambiental

Economía circular y empleabilidad de los jóvenes

Se presentan los resultados dell proyecto que con el mismo título fue financiado en 2018 por la Dirección General de Asuntos Europeos y Cooperación con el Estado de la Comunidad de Madrid a través de la REIMAD. Economía circular es el nombre del paquete de medidas que en el año 2015 propuso la Comisión Europea, aprobadas por el Parlamento Europeo en 2018. Inmersos en la cuarta revolución industrial, las empresas, especialmente las PYMEs y las cualificaciones, especialmente en los jóvenes, tendrán también a través de la Economía Circular su propia re-evolución.The results of the project, which under the same title was financed in 2018 by the Directorate General for European Affairs and Cooperation with the State of the Community of Madrid through REIMAD, are presented. Circular economy is the name of the package of measures proposed in 2015 by the European Commission, approved by the European Parliament in 2018. Immersed in the fourth industrial revolution, companies, especially SMEs and qualifications, especially young people, will also have their own re-evolution through the Circular Economy.El título y la información de esta comunicación hace referencia al proyecto desarrollado en 2018 por el Centro de Documentación Europea de la Universidad Francisco de Vitoria y financiado por la Dirección General de Asuntos Europeos y Cooperación con el Estado. Los resultados completos del proyecto pueden consultarse a través de: http://centro-documentacion-europea-ufv.eu/economia-circular-empleabilidad-los-jovenes

Polarization Versus Agglomeration

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of polarization and agglomeration, to explain the mechanisms and causes of these phenomena in order to identify similarities and differences. As the main implication of this study should be noted that both process pretend to explain the concentration of economic activity and population in certain places, through cumulative phenomena, but with different perspectives, in other words, the polarization with a view of economic development and agglomeration with a perspective of space

Sustainability of technological innovation investiments. Photovoltaic panels case study

as photovoltaic panels. In the case study analysed are shown the benefits obtained from the investments of the central Italy after installing photovoltaic systems. The total expenditure for the electricity purchase is € 52.326, while the total benefit of the investment is € 18.789, equal in percentage to a 53% energy saving over a period of 20 years. The company expeniture in the absence of a photovoltaic system is equal to € 109.03, while in the presence of a plant, considering also all costs incurred for € 93.090, with a percentage of profit on the investment made equal to almost 15% in 20 years

Multiplier Decomposition, Poverty and Inequality in Income Distribution in a SAM Framework: the Vietnamese Case

The aim of this paper is to show how and why is possible to assess both direct and indirect effects of exogenous income injections on mean income of different household groups using a new approach based on the decomposition of SAM-based multipliers. The approach we propose in this paper allows analyzing the level of inequality in the distribution of income linking the formation of individual/family income to the features of each country’s productive structure and it can be used both for structural analysis and for simulations of redistributive and antipoverty policies. The first step in order to link changes in the level of poverty and inequality to policy measures will be to derive the “accounting price multipliers matrix”, which allows considering the effects of policies affecting the labour market, thus changing the level of wages for different workers ‘categories. Using the traditional Pyatt and Round’s multiplicative decomposition method, we will be then able to disentangle the transfer, the open-loop and the closed-loop effects of a change in the income of exogenous SAM’s accounts. The second step will be to use a new technique introduced by Pyatt and Round (2006) to further decompose each element of the total multiplier matrix in order to enlighten in “microscopic detail” the linkages between each household group’s income of and other accounts whose income has been exogenously injected (i.e. Activities account and Factors account). Moreover, this new approach allows assessing the linkages between each household endowment in terms of factors and the features of the productive system and shading light on the most powerful links among different components of the economic system affecting the distribution of income. The empirical results obtained using the Vietnamese SAM for year 2000 show that the highest direct effects are related to exogenous injections to the agricultural sector and to less skilled labour force and that these effects involved not only on rural male headed but also other household groups. At the same time, the new type of multiplier decomposition shows which are the sectors and factors of production whose increase in income will have the greater indirect effects, increasing also the level of income of all household types. For example, investing in the sector of food processing and on female labour force will benefit the most all household groups, thus representing a policy option good for aggregate growth and for improving the distribution of income.Income distribution, social accounting matrix, multiplier decomposition, growth, labour market, structure of production

Horizontal Differentiation and the survival of Train and Coach modes in medium range passenger transport, a welfare analysis comprising economies of scope and scale

The Portuguese transport system as a whole suffers from the dominance of personal transportation, this being generally less efficient. Coaches and trains struggle to stay in the business. This model explains the markets’ performance beyond price differentials, bundling the transport modes’ appeal in one index for each. The differentiated transport cost approach accounts for product differentiation, economies of scope accruing to the consumer, and allows for economies of scale, in the form of fixed costs, to be weighted in, as well as tax policies towards motoring. It goes further by building a general welfare function that permits all factors and competition regimes to be properly compared. These are a monopoly by cars, duopolies with cars and each of the public transports, and oligopolies with public transports either competing or colluding. Simulations are carried out, and discussed in light of swings in market share and changes in welfare, with a reasonable claim to plausibility. Both public transports make the public better off by staying in the market, although the coaches’ contribution is more decisive. Trains results are weighted down by heavy fixed costs, and the far reaching coach network of destinations offers the second best service (behind that of cars). Collusion in the public transports is a price worth paying, when compared with the car monopoly emerging from bankrupt operators.Horizontal Differentiation, Intermodal choice, Oligopoly, Economies of Scope, Economies of Scale, Regulation