A Study of Dual Polymer Retention Aids for the Retention on Titanium Dioxide Using the Dynamic Drainage Jar, Minidrinier, and Handsheets

Two types of dual polymer retention aid systems, a low molecular weight, high charge density, cationic polyamine with a high molecular weight, low charge density, cationic polyacrylamide, and the same polyamine with a high molecular weight, highly charged anionic polyacrylamide, were studied using the Dynamic Drainage Jar, the Minidrinier, and handsheets. Both systems gave higher retention than could be achieved using any of the retention aids alone, however, formation was a problem. Contact time and shear were shown to be important variables. All three testing methods were useful, the Dynamic Drainage Jar having an advantage due to its flexibility

Thoracic duct drainage before and after cadaveric kidney transplantation

Twenty-seven consecutive recipients of cadaveric kidneys, including five with pre-existing warm cytotoxic antibodies, were treated with thoracic duct drainage before and after transplantation. Fourteen patients who had lymph drainage for 26 to 58 days before transplantation had minor cytotoxic antibody responses after grafting, even if the antibodies had been present before therapy. Only one of the 14 recipients had any rejection during the follow-up periods of one to six months. There were two deaths. The 13 patients pretreated for 17 to 23 days exhibited stronger cytotoxic antibody responsiveness, and five of these recipients had significant rejections of which four were reversible. One of the latter 13 patients died. These clinical and immunologic studies have established the value and have defined the appropriate timing of preoperative thoracic duct drainage in kidney transplantation. They have also directed attention to the rationale and the probable value of using other immunosuppressive methods for preparatory host conditioning instead of beginning such therapy at the time of transplantation

Water and soil salinity management and Sslt redistribution in irrigation systems

Soil salinity is present in most of the large irrigation schemes over the world under the conjunctive effect of low quality irrigation water, aridity and lack of natural drainage ofsoils and aquifers. The trends in water management and soil salinity are assessed through studies in China, Mali, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. In China, the upper valley of the yellow river (Huinong irrigation district) is characterized by aridity, good water availability and over-irrigation. Despite large amount of drainage water returned to the river, excess in water supplied a shallow water table, accumulated in depression and resulted in soil salinity. Remote sensing showed that downstream areas are more affected by salinity and displayed lower cropping intensity. The lower valley (Bojili Irrigation District) is faced with shortage of irrigation water. Drainage water of low quality is re-used to assist leaching and get round salinity hazard.In Mali (Office du Niger), the soils are affected by an alkalinization process due to irrigation water quality. A previous reclamation of irrigation and drainage systems has modified agricultural practices and water management, and altered the trend of soil alkalinity. The improvement of surface drainage of flooded rice cropping season has decreased soil pH in clayey basins. Concomitantly the improvement of irrigation has allowed cropping during the dry season. Nowadays water stands in irrigation canal all year long and supplies a shallow water table. The recharge is high on permeable material and soil pH increases on sandy levees. In Pakistan (Chistian sub-division) shortage of irrigation surface water has lead to a significant increase in conjunctive use of groundwater of low quality. Consequently the water table and soil salinity decreased while soil sodicity increased even if leaching is improved. Whereas farmers got used to control salinity, the sodification hazard is more difficult to grasp and manage. To assess the extension of soil degradation, remote sensing can only provide accurate information through assimilation of additional information. In Uzbekistan (Fargana valley), a deep drainage system has been set up in order to reduce waterlogging and control soil salinity. The discharge of salt by drainage is more than twice the salt amount provided by irrigation due to the mobilization primary aquifer salinity. This operation is technically successful but environmentally dreadful. Too many water is diverted from Syr-Daria and Amou-Daria rivers and Aral Sea declined dramatically. The salinity of downstream plains increased. Salinization is the consequence of various complex processes of salt redistribution which depends on natural conditions, system features, agricultural practices and irrigation and drainage management. These evolutions result from alteration induced by agricultural water management within contexts of limited drainage, increasing conjunctive use of low quality drainage or groundwater, or the release of drainage water downstream. Salinity management requires an appropriate methodology in order to understand the involved process and to assess decisions for management and planning according to the current and expected impact on the system. Spatial distribution of salt can be characterized at specific dates through remote sensing at small scales and soil survey at higher scales. It requires additional information for pertinent analysis of the origin of this distribution. In a first stage, trends can be assessed by the estimation of water and salt balance at various scales within the irrigated area. Later stage consists in the implementation of a perennial complementary device including groundwater and soil monitoring, and also the analysis of agricultural water management for the assessment of both performances and sustainability of irrigation. It allows further development of decision-making tools and accompanying methods for the control of salinity. (Résumé d'auteur

AGRICULTURAL LAND DRAINAGE COSTS AND RETURNS IN MINNESOTA

The objectives of this study are to (1) introduce some of the topics relative to on-farm drainage decisions in rural Minnesota, (2) briefly describe on-farm drainage methods, (3) estimate the current costs of constructing on-farm drains, (4) estimate the returns to agricultural land drainage, and (5) examine the economic feasibility of on-farm drainage in Minnesota.Land Economics/Use,

Infected Necrosis in Severe Pancreatitis - Combined Nonsurgical Multi-Drainage with Directed Transabdominal High-Volume Lavage in Critically Ill Patients

Background: Infection of pancreatic necrosis is a life-threatening complication during the course of acute pancreatitis. In critically ill patients, surgical or extended endoscopic interventions are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive procedures on the other hand are often insufficient in patients suffering from large necrotic areas containing solid or purulent material. We present a strategy combining percutaneous and transgastric drainage with continuous high-volume lavage for treatment of extended necroses and liquid collections in a series of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Patients and Methods: Seven consecutive patients with severe acute pancreatitis and large confluent infected pancreatic necrosis were enrolled. In all cases, the first therapeutic procedure was placement of a CT-guided drainage catheter into the fluid collection surrounding peripancreatic necrosis. Thereafter, a second endosonographically guided drainage was inserted via the gastric or the duodenal wall. After communication between the separate drains had been proven, an external to internal directed high-volume lavage with a daily volume of 500 ml up to 2,000 ml was started. Results: In all patients, pancreatic necrosis/liquid collections could be resolved completely by the presented regime. No patient died in the course of our study. After initiation of the directed high-volume lavage, there was a significant clinical improvement in all patients. Double drainage was performed for a median of 101 days, high-volume lavage for a median of 41 days. Several endoscopic interventions for stent replacement were required (median 8). Complications such as bleeding or perforation could be managed endoscopically, and no subsequent surgical therapy was necessary. All patients could be dismissed from the hospital after a median duration of 78 days. Conclusion: This approach of combined percutaneous/endoscopic drainage with high-volume lavage shows promising results in critically ill patients with extended infected pancreatic necrosis and high risk of surgical intervention. Neither surgical nor endoscopic necrosectomy was necessary in any of our patients. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel and IA

Modeling water resources management at the basin level: review and future directions

Water quality / Water resources development / Agricultural production / River basin development / Mathematical models / Simulation models / Water allocation / Policy / Economic aspects / Hydrology / Reservoir operation / Groundwater management / Drainage / Conjunctive use / Surface water / GIS / Decision support systems / Optimization methods / Water supply

Performance assessment of groundwater drainage basin in small-sized mountain rivers based on DTM

The paper describes the performance assessment methods for groundwater drainage basin based on the analysis of morphometric indices of small-sized mountain river drainage basins. DTM was applied to analyze morphometric indices of drainage basins

Modeling the drainage facilities operation at the prospective construction site on the Dnipro floodland

Purpose. To carry out predictive assessment of the hydrodynamic regime at the prospective construction site on the Dnipro floodland in order to choose an expedient drainage system and substantiate the drainage parameters. Methods. In studying the hydrodynamic regime, we used the method of variant modeling of three-dimensional filtration processes during the operation of various types of drainage and different drainage element layouts using a numerical mathematical model implemented on the basis of a finite differences method. Findings. The main mode-forming factors of the investigated territory have been determined using the results of analysis and generalization of the data related to geological structure and hydrogeological conditions. The general hydrodynamic scheme of the simulated area has been developed, the structure of geofiltration model has been justified, its initial and boundary conditions have been determined. Predictive estimation of groundwater level regime has been executed, comparative analysis of vertical and bed drainage efficiency with various schemes of drainage element layouts has been carried out by simulation. The efficiency of the drainage structures operation in the protected area has been estimated for high-level flood conditions at the set water level in the Dnipro. Originality. Patterns in the hydrodynamic regime formation of the Dnipro floodland have been determined under the influence of the main mode-forming factors in conditions of drainage operation. Practical implications of the work consist in substantiation of choosing the hydrodynamically expedient drainage system, the layout of dewatering constructions and drainage parameters for the site of the projected construction. The results of this research can form the basis for the development of the protective engineering measures in construction design at sites within potentially flooded river valleys.Мета. Прогнозна оцінка гідродинамічного режиму підземних вод на ділянці перспективної забудови заплавної частини долини р. Дніпро у зв’язку з вибором доцільної системи дренажу та обґрунтуванням параметрів дренажного водозниження. Методика. Дослідження гідродинамічного режиму варіантним моделюванням процесів планово-профільної фільтрації в умовах роботи різних видів дренажу та компоновки дренажних споруд із використанням чисельної математичної моделі, реалізованої на базі метода скінчених різниць. Результати. Визначені основні режимоутворюючі фактори досліджуваної території, розроблена загальна гідродинамічна схема модельованої області й обґрунтована структура геофільтраційної моделі, визначені її початкові та граничні умови. За даними моделювання виконана прогнозна оцінка рівневого режиму підземних вод, проведено порівняльний аналіз ефективності пластового та вертикального дренажів при різних схемах компоновки водознижуючих споруд. Ефективність роботи дренажних споруд на території, що захищається, оцінена для умов проходження високого паводку при заданій забезпеченості рівня води у р. Дніпро. Наукова новизна. Встановлення закономірностей формування гідродинамічного режиму підземних вод у заплавній частині долини р. Дніпро під впливом основних режимоутворюючих факторів в умовах роботи дренажного водозниження. Практична значимість. Обґрунтування вибору гідродинамічно доцільної системи дренажу, схеми розташування водознижуючих споруд і параметрів дренажного водозниження на ділянці проектованого будівництва. Результати досліджень можуть складати основу для розробки інженерних заходів захисного характеру при проектуванні об’єктів будівництва в межах потенційно підтоплюваних заплавних ділянок долин річок.Цель. Прогнозная оценка гидродинамического режима подземных вод на участке перспективной застройки пойменной части долины р. Днепр в связи с выбором целесообразной системы дренажа и обоснованием параметров дренажного водопонижения. Методика. Исследования гидродинамического режима вариантным моделированием процессов планово-профильной фильтрации в условиях работы различных видов дренажа и компоновки дренажных сооружений с использованием численной математической модели, реализованной на базе метода конечных разностей. Результаты. Определены основные режимообразующие факторы исследуемой территории, разработана общая гидродинамическая схема моделируемой области и обоснована структура геофильтрационной модели, определены ее начальные и граничные условия. По данным моделирования выполнена прогнозная оценка уровенного режима подземных вод, проведен сопоставительный анализ эффективности пластового и вертикального дренажей при различных схемах компоновки водопонизительных сооружений. Эффективность работы дренажных сооружений на защищаемой территории оценена для условий прохождения высокого паводка при заданной обеспеченности уровня воды в р. Днепр. Научная новизна. Установлены закономерности формирования гидродинамического режима подземных вод в пойменной части долины р. Днепр под влиянием основных режимообразующих факторов в условиях работы дренажного водопонижения. Практическая значимость. Обоснование выбора гидродинамически целесообразной системы дренажа, схемы расположения водопонизительных сооружений и параметров дренажного водопонижения на участке проектируемого строительства. Результаты исследований могут составлять основу для разработки инженерных мероприятий защитного характера при проектировании объектов строительства в пределах потенциально подтапливаемых пойменных участков долин рек.The research was carried out with the technical support of the specialists of LLC “VODOPROEKT”

Hydrologic models for land-atmosphere retrospective studies of the use of LANDSAT and AVHRR data

The use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and LANDSAT analysis in conjunction with the Simulator for Water Resources on a Rural Basin (SWRRB) hydrologic model to examine the water balance on the Little Washita River basin is discussed. LANDSAT analysis was used to divide the basin into eight non-contiguous land covers or subareas: rangeland, grazed range, winter wheat, alfalfa/pasture, bare soil, water, woodland, and impervious land (roads, quarry). The use of a geographic information system allowed for the calculation of SWRRB model parameters in each subarea. Four data sets were constructed in order to compare SWRRB estimates of hydrologic processes using two methods of maximum LAI and two methods of watershed subdivision. Maximum LAI was determined from a continental scale map, which provided a value of 4.5 for the entire basin, and from its association with the type of land-cover (eight values). The two methods of watershed subdivision were determined according to drainage subbasin (four) and the eight land-covers. These data sets were used with the SWRRB model to obtain daily hydrologic estimates for 1985. The results of the one year analysis lead to the conclusion that the greater homogeneity of a land-cover subdivision provides better water yield estimates than those based on a drainage properties subdivision

Evaluation of Depth-frequency Equations for Determining Flood Depths

published or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe