REVIEW ON HIERARCHICAL ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

The Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) has become an interesting field of research of the 21st century. It is a type of the wireless ad-hoc network. This has brought about developing low cost, low-power and multi-function sensor nodes. The network life for wireless sensor network plays an important role in survivability. Energy efficiency is one of the critical concerns for wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes are strictly constrained in terms of storage, board energy and processing capacity. For these reasons, many new protocols have been proposed for the purpose of data routing in sensor networks. These protocols can be classified into three main categories: data-centric, location-based and hierarchical. This paper mainly deals with some of the major Energy-efficient hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. First we will discuss the energy-efficient Hierarchical routing protocols in brief along with their important features, objectives, drawbacks and area of application. Finally, we provide a comparison of these various protocols

Survey of End-to-End Mobile Network Measurement Testbeds, Tools, and Services

Mobile (cellular) networks enable innovation, but can also stifle it and lead to user frustration when network performance falls below expectations. As mobile networks become the predominant method of Internet access, developer, research, network operator, and regulatory communities have taken an increased interest in measuring end-to-end mobile network performance to, among other goals, minimize negative impact on application responsiveness. In this survey we examine current approaches to end-to-end mobile network performance measurement, diagnosis, and application prototyping. We compare available tools and their shortcomings with respect to the needs of researchers, developers, regulators, and the public. We intend for this survey to provide a comprehensive view of currently active efforts and some auspicious directions for future work in mobile network measurement and mobile application performance evaluation.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. arXiv does not format the URL references correctly. For a correctly formatted version of this paper go to http://www.cs.montana.edu/mwittie/publications/Goel14Survey.pd

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

The efficiency of sensor networks strongly depends on the routing protocol used. In this paper, we analyze three different types of routing protocols: LEACH, PEGASIS, and VGA. Sensor networks are simulated using Sensoria simulator. Several simulations are conducted to analyze the performance of these protocols including the power consumption and overall network performance. The simulation results, using same limited sensing range value, show that PEGASIS outperforms all other protocols while LEACH has better performance than VGA. Furthermore, the paper investigates the power consumption for all protocols. On the average, VGA has the worst power consumption when the sensing range is limited, while VGA is the best when the sensing range is increased

Wireless communication protocol architectures for nanosensor networks

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2004Recent developments in micro fabrication and nanotechnology will enable the inexpensive manufacturing of massive numbers of tiny computing elements with sensors. New programming paradigms are required to obtain organized and coherent behavior from the cooperation of large numbers of sensor nodes. The individual nodes are identical, randomly placed and unreliable. They communicate with a small local neighborhood via wireless broadcast. In such environments, where individual nodes have limited resources, aggregating the node into groups is useful for specialization, increased robustness, and efficient resource allocation. In this paper, an application-specific self-organization protocol stack is developed. The clustering process is divided into phases. The first phase is to know the neighbor nodes. The second phase is to set up the cluster and routing. A 'find maximum clique algorithm' is used to set up clusters. A back off method is used to set up the hop field and routing. Group leaders set up a TDMA schedule for steady state operation. This schedule ensures that there is no conflict among in the same cluster and between clusters. Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) is used to avoid inter-group conflict. The limited power resource is a challenge in nanosensor networks. This paper uses two different ways to analyze energy consumed in nanosensor networks, energy cost field and bit flow method. Sensor node deployment, cluster size, and propagation condition effect are discussed in this paper by those two methods respectively

Tracking the path of a mobile radioactive source using a wireless sensor network

This report describes several experiments used to characterize and test a network of radiation sensors. The purpose of these tests is to assess the feasibility of using these sensors to detect and track radioactive sources in a large field, as in a battlefield or on a military campus. Simulated radiation measurements are used to compare the result of radiation detection accuracy in tracking the moving target and to find its path as early as possible. This is done via changing the number of sensing nodes deployed (deployment density), as well as the models of the detectors. This thesis describes algorithms for both detecting the presence and tracking the position of radioactive sources. It formulates the detection problem as a nonparametric hypothesis-testing problem that is solved by comparing a statistic computed over some window of observation of the data to a threshold value. If this threshold is exceeded then it is decided that a source is present. The tracking results thus found are compared with the actual chosen path within the implemented experiment. Detection delay has been measured while trading off battery consumption and accuracy

Sustainable Urban Mobility with Uncompromised Rural Reach

SUMURR (Sustainable Urban Mobility with Uncompromised Rural Reach) is a private-public partnership (PPP) between the Ford Motor Company, the U.S. Department of State, the University of Michigan, George Washington University, the Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), and the Indian healthcare NGO Hand in Hand. The partnership objective is to launch a pilot that leverages OpenXC, a recently introduced Ford technology, to improve maternal mortality rates in rural areas outside of Chennai, India. The School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE) team engaged in secondary research and visited Chennai twice to carry out primary research. By the end of the second trip to Chennai, the PPP had determined that the goal of the pilot was to use the SUMURR vehicle and technology to increase the mobility of the government healthcare worker, called a Village Health Nurse (VHN), and improve her ability to enter patient information accurately into PICME, the government database that registers and tracks health data of pregnant mothers. Hand in Hand will be the local partner that works with high-risk pregnant mothers in rural villages and Ford will develop applications for maternal health in partnership with IIT Madras. The pilot’s success depends on whether Ford hires a Project Manager to ensure that the partners communicate and each partner’s milestones are achieved. It also depends on whether the rural communities and the Tamil iii Nadu State Government respond positively to the pilot. If the pilot is successful, its long-term scalability depends on whether Ford can find a way to monetize the product and sell it at a price point that is affordable.Master of ScienceNatural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90878/1/Masters Project Paper_Final.pd

Wireless Sensor Networks for Fire Detection and Control

Due to current technological progress, the manufacturing of tiny and low price sensors became technically and economically feasible. Sensors can measure physical surroundings related to the environment and convert them into an electric signal. A huge quantity of these disposable sensors is networked to detect and monitor fire. This paper provides an analysis of utilisation of wireless sensor networks for fire detection and control

Enhanced delay-aware and reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are distributed low-rate data networks, consist of small sensing nodes equipped with memory, processors and short range wireless communication. The performance of WSN is always measured by the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that are time delay, reliability and throughput. These networks are dynamic in nature and affect the QoS parameters, especially when real time data delivery is needed. Additionally, in achieving end-to-end delay and reliability, link failures are the major causes that have not been given much attention. So, there is a demanding need of an efficient routing protocol to be developed in order to minimize the delay and provide on time delivery of data in real time WSN applications. An efficient Delay-Aware Path Selection Algorithm (DAPSA) is proposed to minimize the access end-to-end delay based on hop count, link quality and residual energy metrics considering the on time packets delivery. Furthermore, an Intelligent Service Classifier Queuing Model (ISCQM) is proposed to distinguish the real time and non-real time traffic by applying service discriminating theory to ensure delivery of real time data with acceptable delay. Moreover, an Efficient Data Delivery and Recovery Scheme (EDDRS) is proposed to achieve improved packet delivery ratio and control link failures in transmission. This will then improve the overall throughput. Based on the above mentioned approaches, an Enhanced Delay-Aware and Reliable Routing Protocol (EDARRP) is developed. Simulation experiments have been performed using NS2 simulator and multiple scenarios are considered in order to examine the performance parameters. The results are compared with the state-of-the-art routing protocols Stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication (SPEED) and Distributed Adaptive Cooperative Routing Protocol (DACR) and found that on average the proposed protocol has improved the performance in terms of end-to-end delay (30.10%), packet delivery ratio (9.26%) and throughput (5.42%). The proposed EDARRP protocol has improved the performance of WSN