Automatic vehicle tracking and recognition from aerial image sequences

This paper addresses the problem of automated vehicle tracking and recognition from aerial image sequences. Motivated by its successes in the existing literature focus on the use of linear appearance subspaces to describe multi-view object appearance and highlight the challenges involved in their application as a part of a practical system. A working solution which includes steps for data extraction and normalization is described. In experiments on real-world data the proposed methodology achieved promising results with a high correct recognition rate and few, meaningful errors (type II errors whereby genuinely similar targets are sometimes being confused with one another). Directions for future research and possible improvements of the proposed method are discussed

Hallucinating optimal high-dimensional subspaces

Linear subspace representations of appearance variation are pervasive in computer vision. This paper addresses the problem of robustly matching such subspaces (computing the similarity between them) when they are used to describe the scope of variations within sets of images of different (possibly greatly so) scales. A naive solution of projecting the low-scale subspace into the high-scale image space is described first and subsequently shown to be inadequate, especially at large scale discrepancies. A successful approach is proposed instead. It consists of (i) an interpolated projection of the low-scale subspace into the high-scale space, which is followed by (ii) a rotation of this initial estimate within the bounds of the imposed ``downsampling constraint''. The optimal rotation is found in the closed-form which best aligns the high-scale reconstruction of the low-scale subspace with the reference it is compared to. The method is evaluated on the problem of matching sets of (i) face appearances under varying illumination and (ii) object appearances under varying viewpoint, using two large data sets. In comparison to the naive matching, the proposed algorithm is shown to greatly increase the separation of between-class and within-class similarities, as well as produce far more meaningful modes of common appearance on which the match score is based.Comment: Pattern Recognition, 201

Discriminative extended canonical correlation analysis for pattern set matching

In this paper we address the problem of matching sets of vectors embedded in the same input space. We propose an approach which is motivated by canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a statistical technique which has proven successful in a wide variety of pattern recognition problems. Like CCA when applied to the matching of sets, our extended canonical correlation analysis (E-CCA) aims to extract the most similar modes of variability within two sets. Our first major contribution is the formulation of a principled framework for robust inference of such modes from data in the presence of uncertainty associated with noise and sampling randomness. E-CCA retains the efficiency and closed form computability of CCA, but unlike it, does not possess free parameters which cannot be inferred directly from data (inherent data dimensionality, and the number of canonical correlations used for set similarity computation). Our second major contribution is to show that in contrast to CCA, E-CCA is readily adapted to match sets in a discriminative learning scheme which we call discriminative extended canonical correlation analysis (DE-CCA). Theoretical contributions of this paper are followed by an empirical evaluation of its premises on the task of face recognition from sets of rasterized appearance images. The results demonstrate that our approach, E-CCA, already outperforms both CCA and its quasi-discriminative counterpart constrained CCA (C-CCA), for all values of their free parameters. An even greater improvement is achieved with the discriminative variant, DE-CCA.Comment: Machine Learning, 201

Face recognition using infrared vision

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la reconnaissance de visage basée sur l’imagerie infrarouge (IR) et en particulier la thermographie IR est devenue une alternative prometteuse aux approches conventionnelles utilisant l’imagerie dans le spectre visible. En effet l’imagerie (visible et infrarouge) trouvent encore des contraintes à leur application efficace dans le monde réel. Bien qu’insensibles à toute variation d’illumination dans le spectre visible, les images IR sont caractérisées par des défis spécifiques qui leur sont propres, notamment la sensibilité aux facteurs qui affectent le rayonnement thermique du visage tels que l’état émotionnel, la température ambiante, la consommation d’alcool, etc. En outre, il est plus laborieux de corriger l’expression du visage et les changements de poses dans les images IR puisque leur contenu est moins riche aux hautes fréquences spatiales ce qui représente en fait une indication importante pour le calage de tout modèle déformable. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons une nouvelle méthode qui répond à ces défis majeurs. Concrètement, pour remédier aux changements dans les poses et expressions du visage, nous générons une image synthétique frontale du visage qui est canonique et neutre vis-à-vis de toute expression faciale à partir d’une image du visage de pose et expression faciale arbitraires. Ceci est réalisé par l’application d’une déformation affine par morceaux précédée par un calage via un modèle d’apparence active (AAM). Ainsi, une de nos publications est la première publication qui explore l’utilisation d’un AAM sur les images IR thermiques ; nous y proposons une étape de prétraitement qui rehausse la netteté des images thermiques, ce qui rend la convergence de l’AAM rapide et plus précise. Pour surmonter le problème des images IR thermiques par rapport au motif exact du rayonnement thermique du visage, nous le décrivons celui-ci par une représentation s’appuyant sur des caractéristiques anatomiques fiables. Contrairement aux approches existantes, notre représentation n’est pas binaire ; elle met plutôt l’accent sur la fiabilité des caractéristiques extraites. Cela rend la représentation proposée beaucoup plus robuste à la fois à la pose et aux changements possibles de température. L’efficacité de l’approche proposée est démontrée sur la plus grande base de données publique des vidéos IR thermiques des visages. Sur cette base d’images, notre méthode atteint des performances de reconnaissance assez bonnes et surpasse de manière significative les méthodes décrites précédemment dans la littérature. L’approche proposée a également montré de très bonnes performances sur des sous-ensembles de cette base de données que nous avons montée nous-mêmes au sein de notre laboratoire. A notre connaissance, il s’agit de l’une des bases de données les plus importantes disponibles à l’heure actuelle tout en présentant certains défis.Over the course of the last decade, infrared (IR) and particularly thermal IR imaging based face recognition has emerged as a promising complement to conventional, visible spectrum based approaches which continue to struggle when applied in the real world. While inherently insensitive to visible spectrum illumination changes, IR images introduce specific challenges of their own, most notably sensitivity to factors which affect facial heat emission patterns, e.g., emotional state, ambient temperature, etc. In addition, facial expression and pose changes are more difficult to correct in IR images because they are less rich in high frequency details which is an important cue for fitting any deformable model. In this thesis we describe a novel method which addresses these major challenges. Specifically, to normalize for pose and facial expression changes we generate a synthetic frontal image of a face in a canonical, neutral facial expression from an image of the face in an arbitrary pose and facial expression. This is achieved by piecewise affine warping which follows active appearance model (AAM) fitting. This is the first work which explores the use of an AAM on thermal IR images; we propose a pre-processing step which enhances details in thermal images, making AAM convergence faster and more accurate. To overcome the problem of thermal IR image sensitivity to the exact pattern of facial temperature emissions we describe a representation based on reliable anatomical features. In contrast to previous approaches, our representation is not binary; rather, our method accounts for the reliability of the extracted features. This makes the proposed representation much more robust both to pose and scale changes. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on the largest public database of thermal IR images of faces on which it achieves satisfying recognition performance and significantly outperforms previously described methods. The proposed approach has also demonstrated satisfying performance on subsets of the largest video database of the world gathered in our laboratory which will be publicly available free of charge in future. The reader should note that due to the very nature of the feature extraction method in our system (i.e., anatomical based nature of it), we anticipate high robustness of our system to some challenging factors such as the temperature changes. However, we were not able to investigate this in depth due to the limits which exist in gathering realistic databases. Gathering the largest video database considering some challenging factors is one of the other contributions of this research