Estonia’s Competition Policy: A Critical Evaluation towards EU accession.

This paper sets out to answer two questions: to what extend is competition policy in Estonia - one of the applicant countries for accession to the European Union - a duplication of EU policy, and has Estonia established a true competition discipline with high public awareness of the rules and effective public and private enforcement? It is shown that although Estonian antitrust policy includes some additional features to the core EU rules - both with possible positive and negative welfare consequences - one can basically really speak of a copy of EU policy both with respect to legislation and enforcement provisions. Since the EU has a long and successful tradition of fighting competition-distorting conduct, this should weigh positively in the country''s application for accession. However, a real competition discipline is still lacking in Estonia. Higher public awareness, as well as a more stringent enforcement and especially sanctioning policy are necessary.Economics ;

Mapping the American Shareholder Litigation Experience: A Survey of Empirical Studies of the Enforcement of the U.S. Securities Law

In this paper, we provide an overview of the most significant empirical research that has been conducted in recent years on the public and private enforcement of the federal securities laws. The existing studies of the U.S. enforcement system provide a rich tapestry for assessing the value of enforcement, both private and public, as well as market penalties for fraudulent financial reporting practices. The relevance of the U.S. experience is made broader by the introduction through the PSLRA in late 1995 of new procedures for the conduct of private suits and the numerous efforts to evaluate the effects of those provisions. We believe that the evidence reviewed here shows that the PSLRA\u27s provisions have largely achieved their intended purposes. For example, many more private suits are headed by an institutional lead plaintiff, such plaintiffs appear to fulfill the desired role of monitoring the suit\u27s prosecution and their presence is associated with suits yielding better settlements and lower attorneys\u27 fees awards. SEC enforcement efforts, while significant, have tended to focus on weaker targets, suggesting that the big fish get away. Equally importantly, markets impose their own discipline on companies whose managers release false financial reports and, in turn, firms discipline the managers who are responsible for false misleading reporting, perhaps because of the presence of, or potential for, private enforcement actions

How Educators Can Eradicate Disparities in School Discipline: A Briefing Paper on School-Based Interventions

The number of students issued suspensions in U.S. schools continues to be extremely high, resulting in thousands of students missing school every day. Simultaneously,disparities in school suspension continue to worsen, indicating that students in some groups are missing school far more often and disproportionately(particularly, boys, African American students, students with disabilities, and in some regions, Latino and American Indian students). These disparities are also true of referrals to law enforcement and school-based arrests nationwide. According to recent data collected by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, students of color made up 75% of referrals to law enforcement and 79% of schoolbased arrests, even while students of color comprise 39% of the nation's public school population.Punitive school discipline matters tremendously to the educational opportunity of young people: New knowledge on school discipline shows that even a single suspension or a single referral to the juvenile court system increases the odds of low achievement and dropping out of school altogether. Moreover, research shows that schools and educators -- not just students themselves -- make a difference in how discipline is meted out

Do depositors care about enforcement actions?

Since 1990, federal bank supervisors have publicly announced formal enforcement actions. This change in regime provides a natural laboratory to test two propositions: (1) claims by economists that putting confidential supervisory information in the public domain will enhance market discipline and (2) claims by bank supervisors that releasing such data will spark runs. To evaluate these propositions, we measure depositor reaction to 87 Federal Reserve announcements of enforcement actions. We compare deposit growth rates and yield spreads before and after the announcements at the sample banks and a control group of peer banks. The data show no evidence of unusual deposit withdrawals or spread increases at the sample banks following the announcements of formal actions. These results suggest that public announcements of enforcement actions did not spark bank runs or enhance depositor discipline. Apparently, depositors did not care a great deal about our sample actions.Bank supervision ; Deposit insurance

Mapping the American Shareholder Litigation Experience: A Survey of Empirical Studies of the Enforcement of the U.S. Securities Law

In this paper, we provide an overview of the most significant empirical research that has been conducted in recent years on the public and private enforcement of the federal securities laws. The existing studies of the U.S. enforcement system provide a rich tapestry for assessing the value of enforcement, both private and public, as well as market penalties for fraudulent financial reporting practices. The relevance of the U.S. experience is made broader by the introduction through the PSLRA in late 1995 of new procedures for the conduct of private suits and the numerous efforts to evaluate the effects of those provisions. We believe that the evidence reviewed here shows that the PSLRA\u27s provisions have largely achieved their intended purposes. For example, many more private suits are headed by an institutional lead plaintiff, such plaintiffs appear to fulfill the desired role of monitoring the suit\u27s prosecution and their presence is associated with suits yielding better settlements and lower attorneys\u27 fees awards. SEC enforcement efforts, while significant, have tended to focus on weaker targets, suggesting that the big fish get away. Equally importantly, markets impose their own discipline on companies whose managers release false financial reports and, in turn, firms discipline the managers who are responsible for false misleading reporting, perhaps because of the presence of, or potential for, private enforcement actions

Efektivitas Penegakan Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil di Lingkungan Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Siak

The number of minor disciplinary offenses committed by civil servants in the localgovernment environment. Siak, requires local governments in enforcing discipline inanticipation of such breach. The problem in this study is how the effectiveness of theenforcement of discipline in the civil service environment Siak Regional Employment Boardand the factors that affect the enforcement of discipline. As for the purpose of this researchwas to determine the effectiveness of the enforcement of discipline in the civil serviceenvironment Siak Regional Employment Board and to determine the factors that influencethe effectiveness of the enforcement of discipline.The concept of the theory is that researchers use effectiveness, organization anddiscipline. This study used qualitative research methods to the assessment of descriptive data.In collecting the data, the researcher used interview techniques, observation and study ofliterature. By using key informants as a source of information.The results of this study show that the effectiveness of the discipline of civil servantsin the Regional Employment Board Siak quite effective. Factors that influence theeffectiveness of this discipline is Chairman, remuneration, supervision attached, legalsanctions, mindset and justice.Keywords: Effectiveness, Enforcement Disciplin

Governing bodies and learner discipline : managing rural schools in South Africa through a code of conduct

The South African Schools Act of 1996 provides that school governing bodies (SGBs) should adopt and assist in the enforcement of a learner code of conduct to maintain discipline effectively. This study focuses on the perceptions and experiences of SGBs in managing discipline in rural secondary schools through the design and enforcement of learner codes of conduct. A generic qualitative research paradigm was used to gain insight into the effectiveness of and factors impeding the enforcement of learner codes of conduct in rural secondary schools. For this purpose, data were collected from six secondary schools in the North West Province by means of focus group interviews and analysed according to Tesch’s method of open coding. One of the major findings of the study revealed that many rural school governors still lack the relevant knowledge and skills to design and enforce a learner code of conduct effectively. The literacy levels of the majority of SGB members (parents) make it difficult for them to design and enforce the learner code of conduct, even though the department may have provided training. Furthermore, parent-governors are far removed from the day-to-day operations of the school, and consequently fail to contextualise the seriousness of discipline problems as well as to enforce the learner code of conduct effectively

Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olah Raga Kabupaten Rokan Hulu

Discipline Civil servants In Department of Youth Education and Sports Rokan Hulu. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the Discipline of employees at the Department of Education, Youth and Sports if Rokan Hulu. Type of study is a qualitative method by using interviews and observation as a data collection tool to expose the employee discipline problems. The results showed that the enforcement of discipline in the field of education department secretariat on Youth and Sports Rokan Hulu District has not gone well in line with expectations visible from only a creation rules and sanction without a decrease in the level of disciplinary offenses, the growing number of employees who leave assignments during office hours . Factors that hinder enforcement of this discipline is a factor leadership, work environment, and ability. Keywords: Discipline, Civil Servant, Department of Youth Education and Sport

Implementasi Kebijakan Disiplin Pegawai Negeri Sipil Di Dinas Pendidikan Kota Surakarta

The aim of this study to analyze enforcement of disciplinary rules and implementation of civil service disciplinary sanction in Dinas Pendidikan Kota Surakarta based on Government Regulation No. 53 Tahun 2010 about discipline of civil servants. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive. Technique of data collecting used direct observation to the main object, held interview with informant to get comprehensive information by asking some question about the main problem. Study of literature by reading books, magazine, newspaper, documents, legislation and other information that relevant with the object of research and supported by secondary data. The result of research showed that enforcement of disciplinary rules in Dinas Pendidikan Kota Surakarta is still not optimal whereas the application of disciplinary sanctions in accordance with the rules of discipline of civil servants is Government Regulation No. 53 Tahun 2010