Disambiguating Temporal-Contrastive Discourse Connectives for Machine Translation

Temporal–contrastive discourse connectives (although, while, since, etc.) signal various types of relations between clauses such as temporal, contrast, concession and cause. They are often ambiguous and therefore difficult to translate from one language to another. We discuss several new and translation-oriented experiments for the disambiguation of a specific subset of discourse connectives in order to correct some of the translation errors made by current statistical machine translation systems

Discourse-level features for statistical machine translation

Machine Translation (MT) has progressed tremendously in the past two decades. The rule-based and interlingua approaches have been superseded by statistical models, which learn the most likely translations from large parallel corpora. System design does not amount anymore to crafting syntactical transfer rules, nor does it rely on a semantic representation of the text. Instead, a statistical MT system learns the most likely correspondences and re-ordering of chunks of source words and target words from parallel corpora that have been word-aligned. With this procedure and millions of parallel source and target language sentences, systems can generate translations that are intelligible and require minimal post-editing efforts from the human user. Nevertheless, it has been recognized that the statistical MT paradigm may fall short of modeling a number of linguistic phenomena that are established beyond the phrase level. Research in statistical MT has addressed discourse phenomena explicitly only in the past four years. When it comes to textual coherence structure, cohesive ties relate sentences and entire paragraphs argumentatively to each other. This text structure has to be rendered appropriately in the target text so that it conveys the same meaning as the source text. The lexical and syntactical means through which these cohesive markers are expressed may diverge considerably between languages. Frequently, these markers include discourse connectives, which are function words such as however, instead, since, while, which relate spans of text to each other, e.g. for temporal ordering, contrast or causality. Moreover, to establish the same temporal ordering of events described in a text, the conjugation of verbs has to be coherently translated. The present thesis proposes methods for integrating discourse features into statistical MT. We pre-process the source text prior to automatic translation, focusing on two specific discourse phenomena: discourse connectives and verb tenses. Hand-crafted rules are not required in our proposal; instead, machine learning classifiers are implemented that learn to recognize discourse relations and predict translations of verb tenses. Firstly, we have designed new sets of semantically-oriented features and classifiers to advance the state of the art in automatic disambiguation of discourse connectives. We hereby profited from our multilingual setting and incorporated features that are based on MT and on the insights we gained from contrastive linguistic analysis of parallel corpora. In their best configurations, our classifiers reach high performances (0.7 to 1.0 F1 score) and can therefore reliably be used to automatically annotate the large corpora needed to train SMT systems. Issues of manual annotation and evaluation are discussed as well, and solutions are provided within new annotation and evaluation procedures. As a second contribution, we implemented entire SMT systems that can make use of the (automatically) annotated discourse information. Overall, the thesis confirms that these techniques are a practical solution that leads to global improvements in translation in ranges of 0.2 to 0.5 BLEU score. Further evaluation reveals that in terms of connectives and verb tenses, our statistical MT systems improve the translation of these phenomena in ranges of up to 25%, depending on the performance of the automatic classifiers and on the data sets used

Annotating the meaning of discourse connectives by looking at their translation: The translation-spotting technique

The various meanings of discourse connectives like while and however are difficult to identify and annotate, even for trained human annotators. This problem is all the more important that connectives are salient textual markers of cohesion and need to be correctly interpreted for many NLP applications. In this paper, we suggest an alternative route to reach a reliable annotation of connectives, by making use of the information provided by their translation in large parallel corpora. This method thus replaces the difficult explicit reasoning involved in traditional sense annotation by an empirical clustering of the senses emerging from the translations. We argue that this method has the advantage of providing more reliable reference data than traditional sense annotation. In addition, its simplicity allows for the rapid constitution of large annotated datasets

A Corpus-based Contrastive Analysis for Defining Minimal Semantics of Inter-sentential Dependencies for Machine Translation

Inter-sentential dependencies such as discourse connectives or pronouns have an impact on the translation of these items. These dependencies have classically been analyzed within complex theoretical frameworks, often monolingual ones, and the resulting fine-grained descriptions, although relevant to translation, are likely beyond reach of statistical machine translation systems. Instead, we propose an approach to search for a minimal, feature-based characterization of translation divergencies due to inter-sentential dependencies, in the case of discourse connectives and pronouns, based on contrastive analyses performed on the Europarl corpus. In addition, we show how to automatically assign labels to connectives and pronouns, and how to use them for statistical machine translation

Disambiguating Discourse Connectives for Statistical Machine Translation

This paper shows that the automatic labeling of discourse connectives with the relations they signal, prior to machine translation (MT), can be used by phrase-based statistical MT systems to improve their translations. This improvement is demonstrated here when translating from English to four target languages - French, German, Italian and Arabic - using several test sets from recent MT evaluation campaigns. Using automatically labeled data for training, tuning and testing MT systems is beneficial on condition that labels are sufficiently accurate, typically above 70%. To reach such an accuracy, a large array of features for discourse connective labeling (morpho-syntactic, semantic and discursive) are extracted using state-of-the-art tools and exploited in factored MT models. The translation of connectives is improved significantly, between 0.7% and 10% as measured with the dedicated ACT metric. The improvements depend mainly on the level of ambiguity of the connectives in the test sets

Discourse-level Annotation over Europarl for Machine Translation: Connectives and Pronouns

This paper describes methods and results for the annotation of two discourse-level phenomena, connectives and pronouns, over a multilingual parallel corpus. Excerpts from Europarl in English and French have been annotated with disambiguation information for connectives and pronouns, for about 3600 tokens. This data is then used in several ways: for cross-linguistic studies, for training automatic disambiguation software, and ultimately for training and testing discourse-aware statistical machine translation systems. The paper presents the annotation procedures and their results in detail, and overviews the first systems trained on the annotated resources and their use for machine translation

Annotating the meaning of discourse connectives by looking at their translation: The translation-spotting technique

The various meanings of discourse connectives like while and however are difficult to identify and annotate, even for trained human annotators. This problem is all the more important that connectives are salient textual markers of cohesion and need to be correctly interpreted for many NLP applications. In this paper, we suggest an alternative route to reach a reliable annotation of connectives, by making use of the information provided by their translation in large parallel corpora. This method thus replaces the difficult explicit reasoning involved in traditional sense annotation by an empirical clustering of the senses emerging from the translations. We argue that this method has the advantage of providing more reliable reference data than traditional sense annotation. In addition, its simplicity allows for the rapid constitution of large annotated datasets