125 research outputs found
Cryogenic Neuromorphic Hardware
The revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) brings up an enormous storage
and data processing requirement. Large power consumption and hardware overhead
have become the main challenges for building next-generation AI hardware. To
mitigate this, Neuromorphic computing has drawn immense attention due to its
excellent capability for data processing with very low power consumption. While
relentless research has been underway for years to minimize the power
consumption in neuromorphic hardware, we are still a long way off from reaching
the energy efficiency of the human brain. Furthermore, design complexity and
process variation hinder the large-scale implementation of current neuromorphic
platforms. Recently, the concept of implementing neuromorphic computing systems
in cryogenic temperature has garnered intense interest thanks to their
excellent speed and power metric. Several cryogenic devices can be engineered
to work as neuromorphic primitives with ultra-low demand for power. Here we
comprehensively review the cryogenic neuromorphic hardware. We classify the
existing cryogenic neuromorphic hardware into several hierarchical categories
and sketch a comparative analysis based on key performance metrics. Our
analysis concisely describes the operation of the associated circuit topology
and outlines the advantages and challenges encountered by the state-of-the-art
technology platforms. Finally, we provide insights to circumvent these
challenges for the future progression of research
Programmable Superconducting Optoelectronic Single-Photon Synapses with Integrated Multi-State Memory
The co-location of memory and processing is a core principle of neuromorphic
computing. A local memory device for synaptic weight storage has long been
recognized as an enabling element for large-scale, high-performance
neuromorphic hardware. In this work, we demonstrate programmable
superconducting synapses with integrated memories for use in superconducting
optoelectronic neural systems. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
and Josephson junctions are combined into programmable synaptic circuits that
exhibit single-photon sensitivity, memory cells with more than 400 internal
states, leaky integration of input spike events, and 0.4 fJ programming
energies (including cooling power). These results are attractive for
implementing a variety of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms and
lay the foundation for a new hardware platform optimized for large-scale
spiking network accelerators.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure
Photonic spiking neural networks with event-driven femtojoule optoelectronic neurons based on Izhikevich-inspired model
Photonic spiking neural networks (PSNNs) potentially offer exceptionally high throughput and energy efficiency compared to their electronic neuromorphic counterparts while maintaining their benefits in terms of event-driven computing capability. While state-of-the-art PSNN designs require a continuous laser pump, this paper presents a monolithic optoelectronic PSNN hardware design consisting of an MZI mesh incoherent network and event-driven laser spiking neurons. We designed, prototyped, and experimentally demonstrated this event-driven neuron inspired by the Izhikevich model incorporating both excitatory and inhibitory optical spiking inputs and producing optical spiking outputs accordingly. The optoelectronic neurons consist of two photodetectors for excitatory and inhibitory optical spiking inputs, electrical transistors’ circuits providing spiking nonlinearity, and a laser for optical spiking outputs. Additional inclusion of capacitors and resistors complete the Izhikevich-inspired optoelectronic neurons, which receive excitatory and inhibitory optical spikes as inputs from other optoelectronic neurons. We developed a detailed optoelectronic neuron model in Verilog-A and simulated the circuit-level operation of various cases with excitatory input and inhibitory input signals. The experimental results closely resemble the simulated results and demonstrate how the excitatory inputs trigger the optical spiking outputs while the inhibitory inputs suppress the outputs. The nanoscale neuron designed in our monolithic PSNN utilizes quantum impedance conversion. It shows that estimated 21.09 fJ/spike input can trigger the output from on-chip nanolasers running at a maximum of 10 Gspike/second in the neural network. Utilizing the simulated neuron model, we conducted simulations on MNIST handwritten digits recognition using fully connected (FC) and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The simulation results show 90% accuracy on unsupervised learning and 97% accuracy on a supervised modified FC neural network. The benchmark shows our PSNN can achieve 50 TOP/J energy efficiency, which corresponds to 100 × throughputs and 1000 × energy-efficiency improvements compared to state-of-art electrical neuromorphic hardware such as Loihi and NeuroGrid
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