Design of Mixed-Voltage Crystal Oscillator Circuit in Low-Voltage CMOS Technology

Abstract—In the nanometer-scale CMOS technology, the gateoxide thickness has been scaled down to support a higher operating speed under a lower power supply (1xVDD). However, the board-level voltage levels could be still in a higher voltage levels (2xVDD, or even more) for compatible to some earlier interface specifications in a microelectronics system. The I/O interface circuits have been designed with consideration on the gate-oxide reliability in such mixedvoltage applications. In this work, a new mixed-voltage crystal oscillator circuit realized with low-voltage CMOS devices is proposed without suffering the gate-oxide reliability issue. The proposed mixed-voltage crystal oscillator circuit, which is one of the key I/O cells in a cell library, has been designed and verified in a 90-nm 1-V CMOS process to serve 1/1.8-V mixedvoltage interface applications