Determination Of Aflatoxins In Traditional Medicine Preparation

Mikotoksin telah dikenalpasti sebagai satu masalah besar dahim makanan. Terdapat lima jenis mikotoksin yang penting iaitu aflatoksin (AF), okratoksin (OTA), deoksinivalenol (DON), danlatau nivalenol (NIV), zearelenon (ZEA) dan fumonisin (FM). Campuran aflatoksin yang wujud secara semulajadi didapati karsinogenik terhadap manusia. OT A dan FA mungkin adalah karsinogenik kepada manusia. Antara aflatoksin yang menunjukkan tahap ketoksikan yang berbeza, aflatoksin BI, GI, B2, dan G2 adalah paling banyak dikaji dengan aflatoksin BI dikenali sebagai paling toksik. Mycotoxins have been recognized as a substantial problem in foods. There are five important mycotoxins namely aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxins (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and/or nivalenol (NIV), zearelenone (ZEA), and fumonisins (FM). Naturally occuning aflatoxins have been found to be human carcinogens. OT A and FM are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Of the several known aflatoxins exhibiting different levels of toxicity, aflatoxins 8 1• GI, 81, and G2 are the most studied, with aflatoxin 81 being the most toxic

Advances in the biofabrication of 3D skin in vitro : healthy and pathological models

The relevance for in vitro three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture of skin has been present for almost a century. From using skin biopsies in organ culture, to vascularized organotypic full-thickness reconstructed human skin equivalents, in vitro tissue regeneration of 3D skin has reached a golden era. However, the reconstruction of 3D skin still has room to grow and develop. The need for reproducible methodology, physiological structures and tissue architecture, and perfusable vasculature are only recently becoming a reality, though the addition of more complex structures such as glands and tactile corpuscles require advanced technologies. In this review, we will discuss the current methodology for biofabrication of 3D skin models and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the existing systems as well as emphasize how new techniques can aid in the production of a truly physiologically relevant skin construct for preclinical innovation

Unterschiedliche Sensitivität von Kopf-Halskarzinom Zelllinien auf den EMT Masterregulator TGF-β1

Plattenepithelkarzinome im Kopf- und Halsbereich (HNSCC) gehören zu den sechsthäufigsten Tumoren weltweit. Trotz verbesserter Behandlungsmethoden liegt die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate bei lediglich 50%. Prognose entscheidend für HNSCC Patienten ist die zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnose häufig bereits stattgefundene Metastasierung. Ein zentraler Mechanismus, der dem invasiven Potential von HNSCC und anderen Tumoren zugrunde liegt, ermöglicht es Tumorzellen aus einer stationären, epithelialen Form in eine motile Form, welche Eigenschaften mesenchymaler Zellen aufweist, überzugehen. Diese sogenannte Epitheliale Mesenchymale Transition (EMT), ist mit der verringerten Expression typischer epithelialer Markerproteine wie E Cadherin und Keratinen sowie der Zunahme typischer mesenchymaler Faktoren wie N Cadherin und Vimentin assoziiert. Als ein zentraler Regulator der EMT wurde Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 identifiziert. Unter dem Einfluss von TGF-β1 entwickeln Kopf-Halstumorzellen einen mesenchymalen Phänotyp, welcher assoziiert ist mit einer gesteigerten Migration und klinisch schlechterer Prognose. TGF-β1 kann je nach zellulärem Kontext sowohl als Tumorsuppressor als auch Tumorpromoter wirken. TGF-β1, aktiviert über seinen Rezeptor TGF-β RII neben dem Smad abhängigen Signalweg, weitere Smad unabhängige Signalwege, wie Erk/MEK, PI3K/MAPK und Ras. Dies führt zur Modulation der E-Cadherin Expression, zur Bildung von β-Aktin Stressfasern über Modulierung des Zytoskeletts und zu einer erhöhten Migration und Invasivität der Zellen. In HNSCC Tumoren, die sich in ihrem Invasivitätspotential und ihrer Differenzierung häufig sehr heterogen darstellen, konnten durch zahlreiche Untersuchungen Hinweise eines relevanten Einflusses der EMT auf diesen Phänotyp gefunden werden. Es stellt sich dabei die Frage, ob das histopathologisch zu beobachtende variierende Differenzierungs- bzw. Invasivitätsmuster auf eine unterschiedliche Aktivierung von EMT induzierenden Faktoren zurückgeführt werden kann. Zur Untersuchung wie sich verschiedene etablierte HNSCC Zelllinien in vitro in ihrer Sensitivität auf EMT induzierende Zytokine unterscheiden, wurden Zelllinien eingesetzt, die Unterschiede in relevanten EMT Merkmalen aufweisen. Beurteilt wurde der morphologische Phänotyp der Zellen ohne und nach Zugabe EMT induzierender Faktoren, die Aktivierung (Phosphorylierung) des TGF-β Rezeptors Typ II, sowie Änderungen im Migrationsverhalten, E Cadherin Status und in der Zytoskelettarchitektur. Das Ausmaß der EMT Antwort von HNSCC-Zelllinien auf exogen zugeführtes TGF-β1 zeigte signifikante Unterschiede in der Sensitivität, welche mit dem initialen Phänotyp unbehandelter HNSCC Zellen korrelierte. Bei Zugabe von TGF-β1 glich sich der Phänotyp bei den verschiedenen Zelllinien in Richtung mesenchymal an, da eher epitheliale Zelllinien besonders sensitiv reagierten und die Sensitivität auf exogenes TGF-β1 bei Zelllinien mit bereits vorhandener mesenchymaler Ausprägung weniger deutlich erfolgte. Die Transformation des Zellphänotyps durch TGF-β1 konnte anhand mikroskopischer Aufnahmen, einer Veränderung der in vitro Proliferation der Zelllinien, einer Aktivierung des TGF-β RII sowie durch subzelluläre Umverteilung von EMT typischen Proteinen und Strukturen des Zytoskeletts nachgewiesen werden. An der morphologischen Änderung war insbesondere eine Modulierung des Aktinzytokskeletts, sowie die E-Cadherin Relokalisation bzw. der E-Cadherin Abbau beteiligt. Da TGF-β1 und andere Zytokine durch Zellen des Stromas (z.B. Immunzellen) sezerniert werden, könnte die Tumormikroumgebung (tumor microenvironment) mit verantwortlich sein für den in HNSCC Tumoren beobachteten variablen zellulären Phänotyp, welcher mit der Fähigkeit der Tumorzellen zur Invasivität und Metastasierung korreliert. Im Hinblick auf die vorliegenden Untersuchungen stellt sich dabei die Frage, inwiefern eine autokrine Sekretion von TGF-β1 (bzw. andere EMT Zytokine) in HNSCC Tumorzellen zu den beobachteten Sensitivitätsunterschieden einer EMT beigetragen hat. Für weiterführende Untersuchungen erscheint es daher sinnvoll nach Identifikation von Zelllinien-spezifischen EMT Zytokinen sowie anderen relevanten Komponenten der EMT diese gezielt auszuschalten, um hierdurch neue therapeutische Angriffsziele zur Hemmung der Invasivität und Metastasierung von HNSCC Tumoren aufzudecken

Cloning of Metalloproteinase 17 Genes from Oriental Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae)

We previously demonstrated that Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom metalloproteinases (JVMPs) play a key role in the toxicities induced by N. nomurai venom (NnV), including dermotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and lethality. In this study, we identified two full-length JVMP cDNA and genomic DNA sequences: JVMP17-1 and JVMP17-2. The full-length cDNA of JVMP17-1 and 17-2 contains 1614 and 1578 nucleotides (nt) that encode 536 and 525 amino acids, respectively. Putative peptidoglycan (PG) binding, zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, and hemopexin domains were identified. BLAST analysis of JVMP17-1 showed 42, 41, 37, and 37% identity with Hydra vulgaris, Acropora digitifera, Megachile rotundata, and Apis mellifera venom metalloproteinases, respectively. JVMP17-2 shared 38 and 36% identity with H. vulgaris and A. digitifera, respectively. Alignment results of JVMP17-1 and 17-2 with other metalloproteinases suggest that the PG domain, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-binding surfaces, active sites, and metal (ion)-binding sites are highly conserved. The present study reports the gene cloning of metalloproteinase enzymes from jellyfish species for the first time. We hope these results can expand our knowledge of metalloproteinase components and their roles in the pathogenesis of jellyfish envenomation

Toxicological effects of palytoxin after cutaneous exposure

2010/2011Palytoxin (PLTX) is a marine toxin identified in Palythoa zoanthid corals and Ostreopsis dinoflagellates, representing an increasing hazard for human health. Human poisonings attributed to PLTX exposure are usually associated to ingestion of contaminated seafood and to marine aerosol exposure during Ostreopsis blooms. However, also dermatological problems have been recently associated to PLTX cutaneous exposure during Ostreopsis blooms as well as after handling of Palythoa corals. Despite the increasing human cases of dermotoxicity attributed to PLTX, very few data about its dermal toxicity are presently available. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the cutaneous effects of PLTX characterizing its mechanism of action. Thus, this toxicological in vitro study has been carried out on spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), as a first-round screening of dermotoxicity. The entity of cytotoxicity induced by PLTX has been firstly investigated. A short time exposure (4 h) to PLTX reduces mitochondrial activity (MTT assay), cell mass (SRB assay) and plasma membrane integrity (LDH leakage) with different potencies (EC50 values of 6.1±1.3x10-11, 4.7±0.9x10-10 M and 1.8±0.1x10-8 M, respectively). All these effects are ouabain-sensitive corroborating the dependency of PLTX effects on the interaction with Na+/K+-ATPase. These results indicate that among the chain of intracellular events following the interaction of PLTX with the Na+/K+-ATPase the earliest is mitochondrial damage. This sustained cytotoxic effect can be explained by the high affinity of binding to HaCaT cells. Indeed, saturation experiment reveals a Kd affinity constant of 3.0±0.4x10-10 M after an exposure time as short as 10 minutes. A possible mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction can be reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Among all, only superoxide anion (O2-) seems to be produced by the toxin after only 1 h, whereas neither nitric oxide nor peroxynitrite formation are detected. Hence, the mechanism of O2- production has been investigated. Real time PCR analysis together with western blot analysis suggest a possible involvement of NADPH oxidase (NOX) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) since an early increase of their gene and protein expression was observed after short (1 – 4 h) but not longer (24 h) exposure times. On the contrary, other enzymes involved in ROS production (i.e. COX-1, COX-2, XOD) seem to be not involved in PLTX effects. Moreover, using selective inhibitors of these enzymes, we found that only DPI, a nonspecific inhibitor of both NOX and NOS, is able to inhibit by 15%, 26% and 43% O2- production induced by 10-10, 10-9 and 10-8 M PLTX, respectively. However, NMMA, inhibitor of NOS, significantly reduces only O2- produced by high (10-8 M) but no by low (10-9 and 10-10 M) PLTX concentrations, whereas the selective inhibitor of NOX apocynin is totally ineffective. Moreover, since their co-administration does not reproduce DPI effect, a prominent role of these enzymes in causing PLTX-induced oxidative stress seems unlikely. Another feasible source of O2- is mitochondria itself and its production is regulated by H+ fluxes through mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, in presence of nigericin, an ionophore that reduces the H+ imbalance, PLTX-induced O2- is significantly reduced by 23% (10-9 M PLTX) and 24% (10-8 M PLTX). Furthermore, the co-administration with rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, that per se is ineffective, results in a further inhibition of O2- production (-32% and -43% in the presence of 10-9 and 10-8 M PLTX, respectively). Moreover, O2- production turned out to be ouabain-sensitive and Na+-dependent but Ca2+-independent. Thus, on the basis of these results it has been hypothesized that PLTX binding to Na+/K+-ATPase induces intracellular overload of Na+ followed by intracellular increase of H+ with a consequent ΔpH increase across H+-impermeable mitochondrial inner membrane and O2- overproduction by reverse electron transports through mitochondrial chain. Under oxidative stress conditions, mitochondrial dysfunction can be mediated by mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), which opening, indeed, is induced by PLTX already after only 5 minutes exposure. MPTP opening, which turned out to be cyclosporine A-independent, seems to be mainly induced by the sustained ionic imbalance, since in Na+-free, Ca2+-free medium and in presence of nigericin PLTX effect is strongly inhibited. The very rapid Na+-dependent opening of MPTP suggests that this is the peculiar mechanism of PLTX cytotoxicity and cell death primum movens. Cell death induced by the toxin seems to occur with necrotic-like features. PLTX, indeed, induces a concentration- and time-dependent as well as irreversible uptake of PI after only 1 h exposure and confocal images revealed dramatic morphological alterations such as plasma membrane ruptures and leakage of cytolpasmic content after 4 h. By contrast, caspasis 3/7, 8 and 9 are not activated by PLTX up to 24 h, neither under recovery conditions. Moreover, apoptotic bodies formation is not observed, discarding apoptosis occurrence. Finally, PLTX effects on some pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) and arachidonic acid metabolism products (PGE2 and LTB4) have been evaluated. The toxin (10-11 M) induces an early release of PGE2 that is time-dependent after 2 h exposure. On the contrary, even if an early gene expression (1–4 h) is observed, the toxin induces a delayed release of IL-6 and IL-8 (24 h), whereas no effects have been observed evaluating IL-1α and TNF-α. In conclusion, this study highlights the toxic in vitro properties of PLTX on human keratinocytes. The intracellular pathway of the sustained PLTX cytotoxicity leading to cell death has been characterized, as well as the inflammatory mediators involved in skin irritant properties of the toxin. These results can corroborate the use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in association with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids.La palitossina (PLTX) è una tossina marina identificata in coralli zoantidi appartenenti al genere Palythoa e dinoflagellati del genere Ostreopsis. Intossicazioni umane attribuite alla PLTX sono state solitamente associate all'ingestione di prodotti ittici contaminati, nonché da un'esposizione ad aerosol marino durante le fioriture di Ostreopsis. Tuttavia, anche problemi dermatologici sono stati recentemente associati alla PLTX in seguito ad esposizione cutanea durante fioriture di Ostreopsis o manipolando coralli Palythoa. Nonostante i crescenti casi di dermotossicità attribuiti alla PLTX, pochissimi dati sulla sua tossicità cutanea sono attualmente disponibili. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato, pertanto, indagare gli effetti cutanei della PLTX caratterizzando il suo meccanismo d'azione. E’ stato quindi effettuato uno studio tossicologico in vitro su cheratinociti umani spontaneamente immortalizzati (cellule HaCaT), considerate metodo predittivo per uno screening preliminare di dermotossicità. In primo luogo è stato caratterizzato il grado di citotossicità indotta dalla tossina. Un breve tempo d'esposizione (4 h) alla PLTX riduce l'attività mitocondriale (saggio MTT), la massa cellulare (saggio SRB) e l'integrità della membrana plasmatica (perdita LDH) con diversi valori di EC50 (6.1 ± 1.3x10-11, 4.7 ± 0.9x10-10 M e 1.8 ± 0.1x10-8 M, rispettivamente). Tutti questi effetti sono sensibili alla ouabaina, corroborando la dipendenza degli effetti della PLTX sull'interazione con la Na+/K+-ATPasi. Questi risultati indicano che fra la catena di eventi intracellulari dopo l'interazione con l’ATPasi il più sensibile è un danno mitocondriale. Questo effetto può essere spiegato dall’alta affinità di legame della tossina con le cellule HaCaT. Infatti, esperimenti di saturazione rivelano una costante di affinità (Kd) pari a 3,0 ± 0.4x10-10 M dopo un tempo di esposizione molto breve (10 minuti). Uno dei possibili meccanismi di disfunzione mitocondriale è una sovrapproduzione di specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS). Tra tutti, solo l’anione superossido (O2-) sembra essere prodotto dalla tossina dopo 1 h, mentre né ossido nitrico né formazione di perossinitrito sono stati rilevati. Quindi, il meccanismo di produzione di O2- è stato studiato. Analisi real time-PCR ed analisi western blot suggeriscono un possibile coinvolgimento della NADPH ossidasi (NOX) e della forma inducibile dell’ossido nitrico sintetasi (iNOS) poiché un aumento precoce della loro espressione genica e stata osservata dopo brevi (1 - 4 h) ma non lunghi (24 h) tempi di esposizione. Al contrario, altri enzimi coinvolti nella produzione di ROS (COX-1, COX-2, XOD) sembrano non essere coinvolti nel meccanismo di produzione di O2- da parte della tossina. Inoltre, tramite l'utilizzo di inibitori selettivi di questi enzimi, è emerso che solo il DPI, un inibitore non specifico sia di NOX che di NOS, è in grado di inibire del 15%, 26% e 43% la produzione di O2- indotta da 10-10, 10-9 e 10-8 M PLTX, rispettivamente. Tuttavia, l’NMMA, inibitore delle NOS, riduce in modo significativo solo O2- prodotto da alte (10-8 M), ma non basse (10-9 e 10-10 M) concentrazioni di PLTX, mentre l'inibitore selettivo delle NOX apocinina è totalmente inefficace. Inoltre, poiché la loro co-somministrazione non riproduce l’effetto inibitorio del DPI, un ruolo preminente di questi enzimi nel causare stress ossidativo sembra improbabile. Un'altra fonte possibile di O2- è il mitocondrio. La sua produzione è regolata dal flusso di H+ attraverso le membrane mitocondriali. Infatti, in presenza di nigericina, uno ionoforo che riduce lo squilibrio protonico, i livelli di O2- indotti dalla PLTX vengono significativamente ridotti del 23% (10-9 M PLTX) e 24% (10-8 M PLTX). Inoltre, la co-somministrazione con il rotenone, un inibitore del complesso I della catena mitocondriale di trasporto degli elettroni, che è di per sé inefficace, induce un’ulteriore inibizione di produzione di O2- (-32% e -43% in presenza di 10-9 e 10-8 M PLTX, rispettivamente). Inoltre, la produzione di O2- risulta essere ouabaina-sensibile e Na+-dipendente, ma Ca2+-indipendente. Pertanto, sulla base di questi risultati è stato ipotizzato che il legame della PLTX con la Na+/K+-ATPasi induce un aumento intracellulare di Na+ seguito da aumento intracellulare di H+ con un conseguente aumento di ΔpH attraverso la membrana mitocondriale interna con una sovrapproduzione di O2- indotta dal trasporto inverso degli elettroni attraverso la catena mitocondriale. In condizioni di stress ossidativo, la disfunzione mitocondriale può essere mediata dall’apertura dei pori di transizione mitocondriali (MPTP). La loro apertura, infatti, viene indotta dalla PLTX già dopo soli 5 minuti di esposizione. Tale apertura, che si è rivelata ciclosporinaA-indipendente, sembra principalmente indotta dallo squilibrio ionico indotto dalla tossina, poiché in terreni privo di Na+ e privo di Ca2+ e in terreno contenente nigericina, l’attività della tossina è fortemente inibita. La rapidissima apertura di MPTP suggerisce che questo è il peculiare meccanismo di citotossicità della tossina e il primum movens della cellule morte. La morte cellulare sembra verificarsi con un danno necrotico. La PLTX, infatti, induce un uptake di PI (marker di necrosi) in maniera concentrazione e tempo-dipendente. Tale uptake è inoltre irreversibile, dopo solo 1 h di esposizione e immagini ottenute al microscopio confocale rivelano drammatiche alterazioni morfologiche, quali rotture della membrana plasmatica e la perdita di contenuto citoplasmatico dopo 4 h. Al contrario, le caspasi 3/7, 8 e 9 non sono attivate dalla PLTX fino a 24 h, né sotto condizioni di recovery. Inoltre, la formazione di corpi apoptotici non è stata rilevata, scartando l’ipotesi di una morte di tipo apoptotico. Infine, gli effetti della PLTX su alcuni mediatori proinfiammatori quali citochine (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-α) e metaboliti dell’acido arachidonico (PGE2 e LTB4) sono stati valutati. La tossina (10-11 M) induce una rapida produzione di PGE2 che è tempo-dipendente dopo 2 ore di esposizione. Al contrario, la tossina induce un rilascio ritardato di IL-6 e IL-8 (24 h), anche se alterazioni dell'espressione genica si sono osservate dopo breve tempo di contatto con la tossina (1-4 h). mentre non sono stati osservati effetti valutando IL-1α e TNF -α. In conclusione, questo studio mette in evidenza le proprietà tossiche in vitro della PLTX su cheratinociti umani. L’elevata citotossicità indotta dalla tossina conduce ad una morte cellulare di tipo necrotico mediata dai mitocondri. Infine, i mediatori infiammatori coinvolti nella proprietà irritanti della pelle della tossina sono stati caratterizzati, ponendo delle basi molecolari per spiegare l'utilizzo di farmaci anti-infiammatori non steroidei in associazione con corticosteroidi.XXIV Ciclo198

Mediterranean Jellyfish Venoms: A Review on Scyphomedusae

The production of natural toxins is an interesting aspect, which characterizes the physiology and the ecology of a number of marine species that use them for defence/offence purposes. Cnidarians are of particular concern from this point of view; their venoms are contained in specialized structures–the nematocysts–which, after mechanical or chemical stimulation, inject the venom in the prey or in the attacker. Cnidarian stinging is a serious health problem for humans in the zones where extremely venomous jellyfish or anemones are common, such as in temperate and tropical oceanic waters and particularly along several Pacific coasts, and severe cases of envenomation, including also lethal cases mainly induced by cubomedusae, were reported. On the contrary, in the Mediterranean region the problem of jellyfish stings is quite modest, even though they can have anyhow an impact on public health and be of importance from the ecological and economic point of view owing to the implications on ecosystems and on some human activities such as tourism, bathing and fishing. This paper reviews the knowledge about the various aspects related to the occurrence and the stinging of the Mediterranean scyphozoan jellyfish as well as the activity of their venoms

Sanitary problems related to the presence of Ostreopsis spp. in the Mediterranean Sea: a multidisciplinary scientific approach

The increased presence of potentially toxic microalgae in the Mediterranean area is a matter of great concern. Since the end of the last century, microalgae of the genus Ostreopsis have been detected more and more frequently in the Italian coastal waters. The presence of Ostreopsis spp. has been accompanied by the presence of previously undetected marine biotoxins (palytoxins) into the ecosystem with the increased possibility of human exposure. In response to the urgent need for toxicity characterization of palytoxin and its congeners, an integrated study encompassing both in vitro and in vivo methods was performed

An aquarium hobbist poisoning: Identification of new palytoxins in Palythoa cf. toxica and complete detoxification of the aquarium water by activated carbon

Palytoxin (PLTX) is a lethal natural toxin often found in Palythoa zoantharians that, together with its congeners, may induce adverse effects in humans after inhalation of toxic aerosols both in open-air and domestic environments, namely in the vicinity of public and private aquaria. In this study, we describe a poisoning of an aquarium hobbyist who was hospitalized after handling a PLTXs-containing zoantharian hexacoral. Furthermore, we provide evidence for water detoxification. The zoantharian was morphologically and genetically identified as Palythoa cf. toxica (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Palytoxin itself and two new PLTX congeners, a hydroxyPLTX and a deoxyPLTX, were detected and structurally identified by liquid chromatography high resolution multiple stage mass spectrometry (LC-HRMSn, n = 1, 2). Total and individual toxins were quantified by LC-HRMS and sandwich ELISA both in the zoantharian (93.4 and 96.80 \u3bcg/g, respectively) and in the transport water (48.3 and 42.56 \u3bcg/mL, respectively), with an excellent mean bias of 1.3% between the techniques. Activated carbon adsorbed 99.7% of PLTXs contained in the seawater and this represents a good strategy for preventing aquarium hobbyist poisonings

Monoclonal Antibodies in Gynecological Cancer: A Critical Point of View

During the last decades, several improvements in treating gynecological malignancies have been achieved. In particular, target therapies, mostly monoclonal antibodies, have emerged as an attractive option for the treatment of these malignancies. In fact, various molecular-targeted agents have been developed for a variety of malignancies with the objective to interfere with a precise tumor associated receptor, essential for cancer cell survival or proliferation, blocking its function, of the cancer cells. Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies have been developed to block immune suppression or enhance functions of immune effector cells. So far, several monoclonal antibodies have been tested for clinical efficacy for the treatment of gynecological cancers. Antibodies against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) have been used in different neoplasms such as ovarian and cervical cancer. Catumazumab, a bivalent antibody against CD3 and EpCAM, is effective in the treatment of neoplastic ascites. Other antibodies are peculiar for specific cancer-associated antigen such as Oregovomab against CA125 or Farletuzumab against the folate receptor. Here we describe the preclinical and clinical experience gained up to now with monoclonal antibodies in tumors of the female genital tract and trace future therapeutic and research venues

Association between N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide exposure and the odds of kidney stones in US adults: a population-based study

BackgroundCurrently, there is limited research on the specific relationship between N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) exposure and the odds of kidney stones. We aimed to investigate the relationship between DEET exposure and the prevalence of kidney stones.MethodsWe included 7,567 qualified participants in our research from the 2007–2016 NHANES survey. We carried out three logistic regression models to explore the potential association between DEET exposure and the odds of kidney stones. Spline smoothing with generalized additive models (GAM) was utilized to assess the non-linear relationship and restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves was to determine the dose–response association. Multivariate regression models were used to conduct stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis.ResultsBaseline characteristics of study participants presented the distribution of covariables. Regression analysis revealed that the odds of kidney stones were positively associated with the main metabolites of 3-diethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid (DCBA) (log2) (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.08). The fourth quartile of urine DCBA showed a greater risk of kidney stones in the fully adjusted model (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.72). Another DEET metabolite of N, N-diethyl-3-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB) was used to confirm the accuracy and stability of the results. The spline smoothing curve represented two main DEET metabolites had similar no-linear relationships and a positive trend with kidney stones proportion. RCS implied that the incidence of kidney stones rose with increasing levels of DEET exposure. High-risk groups on kidney stones were exhibited by stratified analysis under DEET exposure.ConclusionOur study suggests that DEET exposure is positively associated with odds of kidney stones. Further investigation into the underlying processes of this association is required to guide the prevention and treatment of kidney stones