Machine learning technique using the signature method for automated quality control of the Argo profiles

A profile from the Argo ocean observation array is a sequence of three-dimensional vectors composed of pressure, salinity, and temperature, appearing as a continuous curve in three-dimensional space. The shape of this curve is faithfully represented by a path signature, which is a collection of all the iterated integrals. Moreover, the product of two terms of the signature of a path can be expressed as the sum of higher-order terms. Thanks to this algebraic property, a nonlinear function of profile shape can always be represented by a weighted linear combination of the iterated integrals, which enables machine learning of a complicated function of the profile shape. In this study, we performed supervised learning for existing Argo data with quality control flags by using the signature method, and demonstrated the estimation performance by cross-validation. Unlike rule-based approaches, which require several complicated and possibly subjective rules, this method is simple and objective in nature because it relies only on past knowledge regarding the shape of profiles. This technique should be critical to realizing automatic quality control for Argo profile data.Comment: 21 pages. 13 figures, 1 table, in revisio