7,994 research outputs found
FlexNGIA: A Flexible Internet Architecture for the Next-Generation Tactile Internet
From virtual reality and telepresence, to augmented reality, holoportation,
and remotely controlled robotics, these future network applications promise an
unprecedented development for society, economics and culture by revolutionizing
the way we live, learn, work and play. In order to deploy such futuristic
applications and to cater to their performance requirements, recent trends
stressed the need for the Tactile Internet, an Internet that, according to the
International Telecommunication Union, combines ultra low latency with
extremely high availability, reliability and security. Unfortunately, today's
Internet falls short when it comes to providing such stringent requirements due
to several fundamental limitations in the design of the current network
architecture and communication protocols. This brings the need to rethink the
network architecture and protocols, and efficiently harness recent
technological advances in terms of virtualization and network softwarization to
design the Tactile Internet of the future.
In this paper, we start by analyzing the characteristics and requirements of
future networking applications. We then highlight the limitations of the
traditional network architecture and protocols and their inability to cater to
these requirements. Afterward, we put forward a novel network architecture
adapted to the Tactile Internet called FlexNGIA, a Flexible Next-Generation
Internet Architecture. We then describe some use-cases where we discuss the
potential mechanisms and control loops that could be offered by FlexNGIA in
order to ensure the required performance and reliability guarantees for future
applications. Finally, we identify the key research challenges to further
develop FlexNGIA towards a full-fledged architecture for the future Tactile
Internet.Comment: 35 pages, 14 figure
Towards Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Typical Scenarios, Possible Solutions, and Open Issues
Ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) has been considered as one
of the three new application scenarios in the \emph{5th Generation} (5G) \emph
{New Radio} (NR), where the physical layer design aspects have been specified.
With the 5G NR, we can guarantee the reliability and latency in radio access
networks. However, for communication scenarios where the transmission involves
both radio access and wide area core networks, the delay in radio access
networks only contributes to part of the \emph{end-to-end} (E2E) delay. In this
paper, we outline the delay components and packet loss probabilities in typical
communication scenarios of URLLC, and formulate the constraints on E2E delay
and overall packet loss probability. Then, we summarize possible solutions in
the physical layer, the link layer, the network layer, and the cross-layer
design, respectively. Finally, we discuss the open issues in prediction and
communication co-design for URLLC in wide area large scale networks.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. Accepted by IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazin
Realizing the Tactile Internet: Haptic Communications over Next Generation 5G Cellular Networks
Prior Internet designs encompassed the fixed, mobile and lately the things
Internet. In a natural evolution to these, the notion of the Tactile Internet
is emerging which allows one to transmit touch and actuation in real-time. With
voice and data communications driving the designs of the current Internets, the
Tactile Internet will enable haptic communications, which in turn will be a
paradigm shift in how skills and labor are digitally delivered globally. Design
efforts for both the Tactile Internet and the underlying haptic communications
are in its infancy. The aim of this article is thus to review some of the most
stringent design challenges, as well as proposing first avenues for specific
solutions to enable the Tactile Internet revolution.Comment: IEEE Wireless Communications - Accepted for Publicatio
Cross-layer Optimization for Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Radio Access Networks
In this paper, we propose a framework for cross-layer optimization to ensure
ultra-high reliability and ultra-low latency in radio access networks, where
both transmission delay and queueing delay are considered. With short
transmission time, the blocklength of channel codes is finite, and the Shannon
Capacity cannot be used to characterize the maximal achievable rate with given
transmission error probability. With randomly arrived packets, some packets may
violate the queueing delay. Moreover, since the queueing delay is shorter than
the channel coherence time in typical scenarios, the required transmit power to
guarantee the queueing delay and transmission error probability will become
unbounded even with spatial diversity. To ensure the required
quality-of-service (QoS) with finite transmit power, a proactive packet
dropping mechanism is introduced. Then, the overall packet loss probability
includes transmission error probability, queueing delay violation probability,
and packet dropping probability. We optimize the packet dropping policy, power
allocation policy, and bandwidth allocation policy to minimize the transmit
power under the QoS constraint. The optimal solution is obtained, which depends
on both channel and queue state information. Simulation and numerical results
validate our analysis, and show that setting packet loss probabilities equal is
a near optimal solution.Comment: The manuscript has been accepted by IEEE transactions on wireless
communication
A Survey on Low Latency Towards 5G: RAN, Core Network and Caching Solutions
The fifth generation (5G) wireless network technology is to be standardized
by 2020, where main goals are to improve capacity, reliability, and energy
efficiency, while reducing latency and massively increasing connection density.
An integral part of 5G is the capability to transmit touch perception type
real-time communication empowered by applicable robotics and haptics equipment
at the network edge. In this regard, we need drastic changes in network
architecture including core and radio access network (RAN) for achieving
end-to-end latency on the order of 1 ms. In this paper, we present a detailed
survey on the emerging technologies to achieve low latency communications
considering three different solution domains: RAN, core network, and caching.
We also present a general overview of 5G cellular networks composed of software
defined network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), caching, and
mobile edge computing (MEC) capable of meeting latency and other 5G
requirements.Comment: Accepted in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorial
Cloud-based Queuing Model for Tactile Internet in Next Generation of RAN
Ultra-low latency is the most important requirement of the Tactile Internet
(TI), which is one of the proposed services for the next-generation wireless
network (NGWN), e.g., fifth generation (5G) network. In this paper, a new
queuing model for the TI is proposed for the cloud radio access network (CRAN)
architecture of the NGWN by applying power domain non-orthogonal multiple
access (PD-NOMA) technology. In this model, we consider both the radio remote
head (RRH) and baseband processing unit (BBU) queuing delays for each
end-to-end (E2E) connection between a pair of tactile users. In our setup, to
minimize the transmit power of users subject to guaranteeing an acceptable
delay of users, and fronthaul and access constraints, we formulate a resource
allocation (RA) problem. Furthermore, we dynamically set the fronthaul and
access links to minimize the total transmit power. Given that the proposed RA
problem is highly non-convex, in order to solve it, we utilize diverse
transformation techniques such as successive convex approximation (SCA) and
difference of two convex functions (DC). Numerical results show that by dynamic
adjustment of the access and fronthaul delays, transmit power reduces in
comparison with the fixed approach per each connection. Also, energy efficiency
of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and PD-NOMA are
compared for our setup
A survey on haptic technologies for mobile augmented reality
Augmented Reality (AR) and Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications have
gained much research and industry attention these days. The mobile nature of
MAR applications limits users' interaction capabilities such as inputs, and
haptic feedbacks. This survey reviews current research issues in the area of
human computer interaction for MAR and haptic devices. The survey first
presents human sensing capabilities and their applicability in AR applications.
We classify haptic devices into two groups according to the triggered sense:
cutaneous/tactile: touch, active surfaces, and mid-air, kinesthetic:
manipulandum, grasp, and exoskeleton. Due to the mobile capabilities of MAR
applications, we mainly focus our study on wearable haptic devices for each
category and their AR possibilities. To conclude, we discuss the future paths
that haptic feedbacks should follow for MAR applications and their challenges
Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 5G Downlink: Physical Layer Aspects
Ultra reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) is a new service
category in 5G to accommodate emerging services and applications having
stringent latency and reliability requirements. In order to support URLLC,
there should be both evolutionary and revolutionary changes in the air
interface named 5G new radio (NR). In this article, we provide an up-to-date
overview of URLLC with an emphasis on the physical layer challenges and
solutions in 5G NR downlink. We highlight key requirements of URLLC and then
elaborate the physical layer issues and enabling technologies including packet
and frame structure, scheduling schemes, and reliability improvement
techniques, which have been discussed in the 3GPP Release 15 standardization.Comment: Copyright 2018 IEEE. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all
other uses,in any current or future media,including reprinting/republishing
this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new
collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse
of any copyrighted component of this work in other work
A Survey on 5G: The Next Generation of Mobile Communication
The rapidly increasing number of mobile devices, voluminous data, and higher
data rate are pushing to rethink the current generation of the cellular mobile
communication. The next or fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are expected
to meet high-end requirements. The 5G networks are broadly characterized by
three unique features: ubiquitous connectivity, extremely low latency, and very
high-speed data transfer. The 5G networks would provide novel architectures and
technologies beyond state-of-the-art architectures and technologies. In this
paper, our intent is to find an answer to the question: "what will be done by
5G and how?" We investigate and discuss serious limitations of the fourth
generation (4G) cellular networks and corresponding new features of 5G
networks. We identify challenges in 5G networks, new technologies for 5G
networks, and present a comparative study of the proposed architectures that
can be categorized on the basis of energy-efficiency, network hierarchy, and
network types. Interestingly, the implementation issues, e.g., interference,
QoS, handoff, security-privacy, channel access, and load balancing, hugely
effect the realization of 5G networks. Furthermore, our illustrations highlight
the feasibility of these models through an evaluation of existing
real-experiments and testbeds.Comment: Accepted in Elsevier Physical Communication, 24 pages, 5 figures, 2
table
elta: Differential Energy-Efficiency, Latency, and Timing Analysis for Real-Time Networks
The continuously increasing degree of automation in many areas (e.g.
manufacturing engineering, public infrastructure) lead to the construction of
cyber-physical systems and cyber-physical networks. To both, time and energy
are the most critical operating resources. Considering for instance the Tactile
Internet specification, end-to-end latencies in these systems must be below
1ms, which means that both communication and system latencies are in the same
order of magnitude and must be predictably low. As control loops are commonly
handled over different variants of network infrastructure (e.g. mobile and
fibre links) particular attention must be payed to the design of reliable, yet
fast and energy-efficient data-transmission channels that are robust towards
unexpected transmission failures. As design goals are often conflicting (e.g.
high performance vs. low energy), it is necessary to analyze and investigate
trade-offs with regards to design decisions during the construction of
cyber-physical networks. In this paper, we present elta, an approach
towards a tool-supported construction process for cyber-physical networks.
elta extends the previously presented X-Lap tool by new analysis
features, but keeps the original measurements facilities unchanged.
elta jointly analyzes and correlates the runtime behavior (i.e.
performance, latency) and energy demand of individual system components. It
provides an automated analysis with precise thread-local time interpolation,
control-flow extraction, and examination of latency criticality. We further
demonstrate the applicability of elta with an evaluation of a
prototypical implementation
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