РОЛЬ ДВОРЯН БЕССАРАБІЇ У ФОРМУВАННІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ОПОЛЧЕННЯ ПІД ЧАС СХІДНОЇ (КРИМСЬКОЇ) ВІЙНИ

Одним з найтяжчих військових випробувань ХІХ ст. для Росії стала Кримська (Східна) війна 1853-1856 рр. У 1855 р., не маючи достатньої кількості військ, цар Микола І був змушений видати спеціальний маніфест про скликання державного ополчення. Важливу роль в процесі його формування відіграв нобілітет Росії, зокрема південних регіонів, в тому числі Бессарабської області. Аристократи Бессарабської області під час Кримської війни всебічно допомагали російській армії. Вони відіграли помітну роль у формуванні державного ополчення, зокрема у його фінансуванні. Ключові слова: дворянство, державне ополчення, Бессарабська область, війна, благодійність.Волканова Н. В. Роль дворян Бессарабии в формировании государственного ополчения в период Крымской (Восточной) войны / Измаильский государственный гуманитарный университет, Украина, ИзмаилОдним из самых тяжелых военных испытаний XIX в. для России стала Крымская (Восточная) война 1853-1856 гг. В 1855 г., не имея достаточного количества войск, царь Николай I был вынужден издать специальный манифест о созыве государственного ополчения. Важную роль в процессе его формирования сыграл нобилитет России, в частности южных регионов, в том числе Бессарабской области. Аристократы Бессарабской области во время Крымской войны всесторонне помогали российской армии. Они сыграли заметную роль в формировании государственного ополчения, в частности в его финансировании.Ключевые слова: дворянство, государственное ополчение, Бессарабская область, война, благотворительность.Volkanova N. V. The role of Bessarabian’s nobility in forming state voluntary military forces during the Crimean (Eastern) War/ Izmail State University for Humanities, Ukraine, IzmailThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was one of the terrible Russian ordeals in the 19th century. The lack of sufficient armed forces obliged the Emperor Nicholas I to promulgate a special manifesto “On Convening State Voluntary Military Forces” in 1855. Bessarabian’s nobility played an important role in forming state voluntary military forces during the Crimean War. It provided a substantial financial support to the Russian army.Key words: nobility, state voluntary military forces, Bessarabian region, the rimean War, financial support.

Playing Catch-Up: Jonathan Letterman and the Triage System

Gettysburg has more than its fair share of heroes. While the overwhelming majority of these larger-than-life figures was intimately acquainted with the conduct of the Battle of Gettysburg, a few stand apart from tales of martial valor. The most famous, of course, is Abraham Lincoln, yet he is not the only man associated with the aftermath of Gettysburg. In the immediate aftermath of the battle, provisions for the care of the wounded and dying left behind by both armies were organized by Major Jonathan Letterman, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac. [excerpt

Notes on Nightingale: The Influence and Legacy of a Nursing Icon

{Excerpt}The centenary of the death of Florence Nightingale occurs on 13 August 2010. Like Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens, and John Stuart Mill, Nightingale is one of those monumental Victorians who were genuine household names in their day and for the generations that followed. Like her peers, she was a highly educated individual on a lifelong path of discovery, dedicated to knowledge and science in the service of a better society. But Nightingale was a singular individual among the great Victorians in that she was a woman—a woman who achieved a level of fame arguably surpassed only by the queen herself. Nightingale was also exceptional in that the work for which she is best known was not her science, literature, or philosophy, but the professionalizing of a domain of low status and semidomestic women\u27s work: nursing. In compiling this book, we have sought to take key elements of the Nightingale story and legacy and bring fresh analyses from leading scholars and thinkers in the field. The aim has been to provide both an update on the scholarship in several areas—the story of Nightingale in the Crimean War, her influence on the colonies of the British Empire, her contribution to statistical sciences, and her impact on the American nursing story—and a review of the current state of play with respect to the endless historiographical myths around her. The contributors represent a wide range of specialized knowledge on the heterogeneous topic of Florence Nightingale. Scholars, of course, have strongly held views and do not necessarily agree with one another. We do not attempt to adjudicate between competing perspectives in the discussion surrounding Nightingale, believing them to be symptomatic of a lively academic field in which scholars continue to debate the interpretation of sources and the significance of events. If Nightingale did not inspire controversy (and its sister, passion), would we still be interested in her a century after her death? Throughout the book there are shades of interpretation and emphasis that vary among contributors. Was Nightingale an opponent of germ theory? Did she create the new model of nursing from which all modern nursing sprang? Read on and make up your own mind! Our hope is that readers develop an awareness of the nuances of historical scholarship and the complexity of the past, as opposed to seeing it as a set of facts. Facts, as any good historian knows, are not set in stone but matters of interpretation. Nightingale lived a long time. She was also a prolific correspondent and writer, and thus the historical record from her own hand is plentiful. This surfeit of riches creates its own methodological challenges. Individuals change their views over time, they sometimes contradict themselves, they write their different messages to different audiences, and their words may mean something different to a contemporary reader. Nightingale\u27s persona evolved from a young passionate woman to a politically astute social actor to a much revered icon, and her writings reflect this evolution

Kırım Savaşı, ıslahat fermanı ve Osmanlı eğitim düzeninde dönüşümler

This article elaborates the impact of the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the Reform Edict of 28 February 1856 on the educational modernization in the Ottoman Empire. Until 1856 Muslim education was primarily understood in terms of religious schools, controlled by pious foundations (vakıf). The existing modern schools were mainly founded for raising professionals (civil servants and military officers) for the Ottoman administration. The Reform Edict of 1856, which was to a certain extent imposed upon the Sublime Porte by the allies of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, provided non-Muslims legal equality with the Muslims, the right to found their own schools and to enter the civil service. These new conditions forced the Ottoman administration to accept a new educational approach which would provide public education for Muslims and non-Muslims alike

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ СЕСТЕР МИЛОСЕРДЯ ХРЕСТОВОЗДВИЖЕНСЬКОЇ ОБЩИНИ ПІД ЧАС КРИМСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ (1853-1856 рр.)

Стаття присвячена першим рокам діяльності одного  з найстаріших у світі медичних формувань по наданню допомоги пораненим та хворим під час війні  - Хрестовоздвиженській общині сестер милосердя. Автор зосереджує увагу на основних напрямках діяльності сестер під час оборони Севастополя (1854-1855 рр.), оцінює результати їх роботи. Показана роль видатного російського хірурга М.І. Пирогова який керував навчанням та роботою персоналу Хрестовоздвиженської общини. Ключові слова: Російська імперія, Кримська війна 1853-1856 рр., М.І. Пирогов, Хрестовоздвиженська община сестер милосердя, допомога пораненим і хворим, благодійність.Ореховский В. О.  Деятельность сестер милосердия Крестовоздвиженской общины во время Крымской войны (1853-1856 гг.) / Черновицкий торгово-экономический институт Киевского национального торгово-экономического университета, Украина, ЧерновцыСтатья посвящена первым годам деятельности одного  из старейших в мире медицинских формирований по оказанию помощи раненым и больным во время войны  - Крестовоздвиженской общине сестер милосердия. Автор сосредоточивает внимание на основных направлениях деятельности сестер во время обороны Севастополя (1854-1855 гг.), оценивает результаты их работы. Показана роль выдающегося русского хирурга Н. И. Пирогова, который руководил обучением и работой персонала  Крестовоздвиженской общины. Ключевые слова: Российская империя, Крымская война 1853-1856 гг., Н. И. Пирогов, Крестовоздвиженская община сестер милосердия, помощь раненым и больным, благотворительность.Orehowskyi W.О. Activity of sisters of mercy of Khrestovozdvyzhens'ka   of community in the Crimean war-time (1853-1856) / the Chernivtsi trade and economic institute of the Kyiv national trade and economic university, Ukraine, ChernivtsiThe article is sanctified to the first years of activity of one of the eldest in the world of the medical forming on helping to patients in the war-time - Khrestovozdvyzhens'ka   to community of sisters of mercy. An author concentrates attention on basic directions of activity of sisters during the defensive of Sevastopol (1854-1855), estimates their job performances. Shown role of prominent Russian surgeon M.I. Pyrohov, that managed educating and work of personnel of Khrestovozdvyzhens'ka   of community. Keywords: the Russian empire, Crimean war 1853-1856, M.I. Pyrohov, Khrestovozdvyzhens'ka   community of sisters of mercy, help to patients, charity

Democracy and Nobility

Americans love revolutions. Our national identity began with a revolution, and a revolutionary war that lasted for eight years; and we cheer on other people’s revolutions, as though we find satisfaction in multiplying our own. “I hold that a little rebellion now and then is a good thing & as necessary in the political world as storms in the physical,” wrote Thomas Jefferson. “No country should be long without one.” An excited James Garfield, in his maiden speech in the House of Representatives in 1864, asked whether his colleagues “forget that the Union had its origin in revolution.” Ralph Waldo Emerson thought of revolution as the authentic instinct of humanity. “Wherever a man comes, there comes revolution,” he said in his Harvard Divinity School address of 1838. “The old is for slaves.” [excerpt

The Perils of Proximity: The Geopolitical Underpinnings of Australian Views of New Caledonia in the Nineteenth Century

In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the links between these far-flung outposts of empire, New Caledonia and Australia, were much stronger than we might realise today. New Caledonia loomed large in Australian preoccupations as a commercial partner and an export market but also as an example of French perfidy and maladministration and as a threat to security.Relations between these French and British colonies reflected in part the state of broader relations between the imperial powers, as well as changing geo-political realities in the region. The profoundly ambiguous and tension-filled relationship between the two imperial powers must be stressed – the two countries had been at war for much of the past five hundred years, they vied for power and influence in Europe, strategic control of international waters and colonial possessions and yet they recognised one another, in relation in particular to the indigenous other, as sharing European, Christian, civilised values.This article explores the attitudes and opinions expressed in the Australian press towards the French colony at certain key points in Australian/New Caledonian relations: the annexation of the Grande Terre by the French in 1853, the Kanak revolts of 1878-9 and the pre-World War I nickel mining boom. It focuses in particular on the security fears provoked by the proximity of New Caledonia to Australian shores

Warfare, Taxation, and Political Change: Evidence from the Italian Risorgimento

We examine the relationships between warfare, taxation, and political change in the context of the political unification of the Italian peninsula. Using a comprehensive new database, we argue that external and internal threat environments had significant implications for the demand for military strength, which in turn had important ramifications for fiscal policy and the likelihood of constitutional reform and related improvements in the provision of non-military public services. Our analytic narrative complements recent theoretical and econometric works about state capacity. By emphasizing public finances, we also uncover novel insights about the forces underlying state formation in Italy

5. Europe Surrenders to Nationalism, 1848-1871

As we have already seen, the year 1848 saw the European continent distracted by insurrectionary outbreaks that touched every one of the major powers. Liberalism and democracy contributed greatly to the undercurrents of discontent under the apparent calm of the previous decade, but it was nationalist aspirations that furnished most of the fuel for the revolutionary fires of that fateful year. In England and France, where the struggle for unification had long before been won, nationalism played no part. It was in Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire that nationalist agitators filled the larger roles in the several revolutions of 1848. [excerpt