Compensatory Measures in European Nature conservation law

The Birds and Habitats Directives are the cornerstones of EU nature conservation law, aiming at the conservation of the Natura 2000 network, a network of protected sites under these directives, and the protection of species. The protection regime for these sites and species is not absolute: Member States may, under certain conditions, allow plans or projects that can have an adverse impact on nature. In this case compensatory measures can play an important role in safeguarding the Natura 2000 network and ensuring the survival of the protected species.This contribution analyses whether taking compensatory measures is always obligatory, and discusses the aim and the characteristics of compensatory measures, in relation to other kinds of measures such as mitigation measures, usual nature conservation measures, and former nature development measures, and to the assessment of the adverse impact caused by the plan or project and of the alternative solutions. The questions will be discussed in light of the contents of the legislation, the guidance and practice by the European Commission, (legal) doctrine and case law, mainly of the Court of Justice of the European Union

East Kingston Buffer Outreach, CTAP Program

Rockingham Planning Commission worked with the East Kingston Conservation Commission to identify buffer areas on the Pheasant Run conservation property, install buffer boundary markers and interpretive signage for entrances, buffers and wetlands on the Pheasant Run conservation property, develop and distribute brochures about the Pheasant Run conservation property, develop an outreach program about buffers at the East Kingston library, and develop a newspaper about protecting wetlands and water resources, including water quality protection measures, buffer planting and maintenance, functions and values of buffers, and wildlife and aquatic habitat

A review of fiscal measures to benefit heritage conservation

This research paper reports an international review of the use of fiscal incentives (such as property tax incentives, income tax deductions and VAT) for heritage conservation. The research examines countries across Europe and North America. The paper has been presented at RICS headquarters

Effect of in-situ moisture conservation measures and application of organic manures on soil properties in Simarouba glauca plantation

Soil and water conservation measures are one of the most important factors for the improvement of degraded lands. Water conservation technique like in-situ soil moisture conservation measures and application of organic manures is to achieve the maximum cultivated soil for the survival and growth of seedlings. In the present study the effect of in-situ moisture conservation measures and organic manures application on growth of Simarouba glauca in varada watershed area showed significant difference in chemical properties of soil such as available Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium at 12 months after the treatment imposed and the moisture content at the depth of 0 to 30 and 30 to 60. In main plot significantly maximum plant height (1.25 m), collar diameter (2.63 cm) crown diameter (93.98 cm) and number of leaves (45.25) was recorded in ring basin (M2), whereas, in sub plot maximum plant height (1.71 m), collar diameter (3.49 cm) crown diameter (126.89 cm) and number of leaves (60.66) was recorded in vermicompost (S2). Among the interaction significantly maximum plant height (1.94 m), collar diameter (3.97 cm), crown diameter (133.83 cm) and number of leaves (63.07) was recorded in ring basin with vermicompost (2.5 t/ha) at 12 months after treatment

Null Lagrangian Measures in subspaces, compensated compactness and conservation laws

Compensated compactness is an important method used to solve nonlinear PDEs. A simple formulation of a compensated compactness problem is to ask for conditions on a set $\mathcal{K}\subset M^{m\times n}$ such that $$\lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} \mathrm{dist}(Du_n,\mathcal{K})\overset{L^p}{\rightarrow} 0\; \Rightarrow \{Du_{n}\}_{n}\text{ is precompact.}$$ Let $M_1,M_2,\dots, M_q$ denote the set of minors of $M^{m\times n}$. A sufficient condition for this is that any measure $\mu$ supported on $\mathcal{K}$ satisfying $$\int M_k(X) d\mu (X)=M_k\left(\int X d\mu (X)\right)\text{ for }k=1,2,\dots, q$$ is a Dirac measure. We call measures that satisfy the above equation "Null Lagrangian Measures" and we denote the set of Null Lagrangian Measures supported on $\mathcal{K}$ by $\mathcal{M}^{pc}(\mathcal{K})$. For general $m,n$, a necessary and sufficient condition for triviality of $\mathcal{M}^{pc}(\mathcal{K})$ was an open question even in the case where $\mathcal{K}$ is a linear subspace of $M^{m\times n}$. We answer this question and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for any linear subspace $\mathcal{K}\subset M^{m\times n}$. The ideas also allow us to show that for any $d\in \left\{1,2,3\right\}$, $d$-dimensional subspaces $\mathcal{K}\subset M^{m\times n}$ support non-trivial Null Lagrangian Measures if and only if $\mathcal{K}$ has Rank-$1$ connections. This is known to be false for $d\ge 4$. Using the ideas developed we are able to answer (up to first order) a question of Kirchheim, M\"{u}ller and Sverak on the Null Lagrangian measures arising in the study of a (one) entropy solution of a $2\times 2$ system of conservation laws that arises in elasticity.Comment: The results are significantly extended from previous versions 1,

Statistical solutions of hyperbolic conservation laws I: Foundations

We seek to define statistical solutions of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws as time-parametrized probability measures on $p$-integrable functions. To do so, we prove the equivalence between probability measures on $L^p$ spaces and infinite families of \textit{correlation measures}. Each member of this family, termed a \textit{correlation marginal}, is a Young measure on a finite-dimensional tensor product domain and provides information about multi-point correlations of the underlying integrable functions. We also prove that any probability measure on a $L^p$ space is uniquely determined by certain moments (correlation functions) of the equivalent correlation measure. We utilize this equivalence to define statistical solutions of multi-dimensional conservation laws in terms of an infinite set of equations, each evolving a moment of the correlation marginal. These evolution equations can be interpreted as augmenting entropy measure-valued solutions, with additional information about the evolution of all possible multi-point correlation functions. Our concept of statistical solutions can accommodate uncertain initial data as well as possibly non-atomic solutions even for atomic initial data. For multi-dimensional scalar conservation laws we impose additional entropy conditions and prove that the resulting \textit{entropy statistical solutions} exist, are unique and are stable with respect to the $1$-Wasserstein metric on probability measures on $L^1$

European Shark Fisheries: A Preliminary Investigation into Fisheries, Conversion Factors, Trade Products, Markets and Management Measures

Recommends new regulations to prevent shark finning -- an illegal practice in which a shark's fins are removed and its carcass dumped at sea -- and stresses the urgent need for effective shark conservation measures