132,050 research outputs found
Elimination of Spurious Ambiguity in Transition-Based Dependency Parsing
We present a novel technique to remove spurious ambiguity from transition
systems for dependency parsing. Our technique chooses a canonical sequence of
transition operations (computation) for a given dependency tree. Our technique
can be applied to a large class of bottom-up transition systems, including for
instance Nivre (2004) and Attardi (2006)
Optimal Monitoring for project-based Emissions Trading Systems under incomplete Enforcement
Project-based Emissions Trading Schemes, like the Clean Development Mechanism, are particularly prone to problems of asymmetric information between the project parties and the regulator. Given the specificities of these schemes, the regulator’s optimal monitoring strategy significantly differs from the one to be applied for capand- trade schemes or environmental taxes. In this paper, we extend the general framework on incomplete enforcement of policy instruments to reflect these specificities. The main focus of the analysis is to determine the regulator’s optimal spot-check frequency under the plausible assumption that the submitted projects vary with respect to their verifiability. We find that, given a limited monitoring budget, the optimal monitoring strategy is discontinuous, featuring a jump within the set of projects with lower verifiability. In this region, actual abatement is low and can fall to zero. For these cases, the sign of the slope of the strategy function depends on the actual relationship of the abatement cost and the penalty function. We conclude that, in a real-world context, project admission should ultimately be based on the criterion of verifiability.environmental regulation, emissions trading systems, audits and compliance
Classification of integrable hydrodynamic chains and generating functions of conservation laws
New approach to classification of integrable hydrodynamic chains is
established. Generating functions of conservation laws are classified by the
method of hydrodynamic reductions. N parametric family of explicit hydrodynamic
reductions allows to reconstruct corresponding hydrodynamic chains. Plenty new
hydrodynamic chains are found
Auctioning Process Innovations when Losers’ Bids Determine Royalty Rates
We consider a licensing mechanism for process innovations that combines a license auction with royalty contracts to those who lose the auction. Firms’ bids are dual signals of their cost reductions: the winning bid signals the own cost reduction to rival oligopolists, whereas the losing bid influences the beliefs of the innovator who uses that information to set the royalty rate. We derive conditions for existence of a separating equilibrium, explain why a sufficiently high reserve price is essential for such an equilibrium, and show that the innovator generally benefits from the proposed mechanism
Prices vs. Quantities with Fiscal Cushioning
Regulating international externalities, like climate change, raises various enforcement problems. It is often argued that international price-based regulations (e.g. emission taxes) are more difficult to enforce than quantity-based regulations (e.g. tradable pollution permits). In this paper, we analyze the relative performance of price-based and quantity-based instruments when costs and benefits are uncertain and enforcement of quantity regimes is stricter than that of price regimes. We show that under these conditions, instrument choice solely based on the relative slopes of the marginal curves can yield inefficient results. If policy enforcement differs, rational policy choice should also take into account the level of the marginal benefit curve, as well as institutional parameters. In contrast to earlier analyses on "Prices vs. Quantities", we find that the choice of instrument also depends on the variance of the marginal abatement costs. Numerical simulations of our stylized model suggest that, for climate policies, quantity-regulations might well be preferable to price-based approaches after all.market-based instruments, incomplete enforcement, uncertainty, environmental regulation
Resource Bounded Immunity and Simplicity
Revisiting the thirty years-old notions of resource-bounded immunity and
simplicity, we investigate the structural characteristics of various immunity
notions: strong immunity, almost immunity, and hyperimmunity as well as their
corresponding simplicity notions. We also study limited immunity and
simplicity, called k-immunity and feasible k-immunity, and their simplicity
notions. Finally, we propose the k-immune hypothesis as a working hypothesis
that guarantees the existence of simple sets in NP.Comment: This is a complete version of the conference paper that appeared in
the Proceedings of the 3rd IFIP International Conference on Theoretical
Computer Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.81-95, Toulouse, France,
August 23-26, 200
Waves in the Skyrme--Faddeev model and integrable reductions
In the present article we show that the Skyrme--Faddeev model possesses
nonlinear wave solutions, which can be expressed in terms of elliptic
functions. The Whitham averaging method has been exploited in order to describe
slow deformation of periodic wave states, leading to a quasi-linear system. The
reduction to general hydrodynamic systems have been considered and it is
compared with other integrable reductions of the system.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure
- …