Conceptualizing and Measuring Well-Being Using Statistical Semantics and Numerical Rating Scales

How to define and measure individuals’ well-being is important, as this has an impact on both research and society at large. This thesis concerns how to define and measure the self-reported well-being of individuals, which involves both theorizing as well as developing and applying empirical and statistical methods in order to gain a better understanding of well-being.The first paper critically reviews the literature on well-being. It identifies an individualistic bias in current approaches and accompanying measures related to well-being and happiness; for example, through an over-emphasis on the importance of self-centered aspects of well-being (e.g., the unprecedented focus on satisfaction with life) whilst disregarding the importance of harmony in life, interconnectedness and psychological balance in relation to well- being. It is also discussed how closed-ended well-being measures impose the researchers’ values and limit the ability of respondents to express themselves in regard to their perceived well-being.The second paper addresses concerns regarding this individualistic bias by developing the harmony in life scale, which focuses on interconnectedness and psychological balance. In addition, an open-ended approach is developed in the paper, allowing individuals to freely describe their pursuit of well-being by means of open-ended responses analyzed using statistical semantics (including techniques from artificial intelligence such as natural language processing and machine learning). The results show that the harmony in life scale and the traditional satisfaction with life scale form a two-factor model of well-being, where the harmony in life scale explains more unique variance in measures of psychological well-being, stress, depression and anxiety, but not happiness. It is further demonstrated that participants describe their pursuit of harmony in life using words related to interconnectedness (including words such as: peace, balance, cooperation), whereas they describe their pursuit of satisfaction with life using words related to independence (including words such as: money, achievement, fulfillment). It is concluded that the harmony in life scale complements the satisfaction with life scale for a more comprehensive understanding of subjective well-being.The third paper focuses on developing and evaluating a method for measuring and describing psychological constructs using open-ended questions analyzed by means of statistical semantics rather than closed-ended numerical rating scales. This semantic measures approach is tested and compared with traditional rating scales in nine studies, including two different paradigms involving reports regarding objective stimuli (i.e., the evaluation of facial expressions) and reports regarding subjective states (i.e., the self-reporting of harmony in life, satisfaction with life, depression and worry). The results indicate that semantic measures encompass higher, or competitive, levels of reliability and validity compared to traditional numerical rating scales. In addition, semantic measures appear to be better suited for differentiating between psychological constructs, such as harmony in life versus satisfaction with life as well as depression versus worry.In this thesis, the findings from these three papers are elaborated and integrated into two independent perspectives. The first perspective focuses on the theoretical and empirical differences between harmony in life and satisfaction with life within a context of societal and national progress. It is concluded that harmony in life complements satisfaction with life. The second perspective focuses on the open-ended, statistical semantics approach. It is proposed that statistical semantics may beneficially be used more widely as a research tool within psychological research

Thinking from Experience in Psychosocial Practice: Reclaiming and Teaching ‘Use of Self’

A course based on psychosocial theory and students' experiences in practice has been taught in the UK, Norway and Quebec. It departs from the classical social work concept ‘use of self’ and aims to help novices in health and social work to understand how the social world is internalised and re-produced and the value of thinking from experience. International developments such as, competency-based education, New Public Management and evidence-based practice reduce opportunities for experiential learning. This trend has been exacerbated by a focus on anti-oppressive practice without a corresponding understanding of how oppressive relations are internalized and enacted by defended and conflicted subjects. Attempts to rectify a relational deficit through traditions of reflective practice and critical reflection are important developments, but could be further strengthened by psychosocial and psychodynamic perspectives. The course combines critical, contextual and relational thinking for students in caring profession

Teaching adolescents conflict management skills

Thesis (M.A.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2011In response to a parents request a workshop to teach a conflict management workshop to high school students was created. A pre-post test design to assess the effectiveness of the workshop was used, with the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument as the measurement. Responses were available for 76 students who were evenly divided between females and males. Overall preferences for using conflict styles did not show a statistically significant change; however, preferences for individual styles did change, with competition showing a statistically significant difference

Operational leadership : Relationship with swift trust, moral stress, and adaptability

Forutsetningene for krigføring og militær ledelse har endret seg dramatisk de siste tiårene. Raske teknologiske fremskritt og et nytt geopolitisk landskap innebærer en rekke nye krav og utfordringer for militære ledere. Denne avhandlingenfokuserer på den enkelte militære leder fra et psykologisk perspektiv. Det overordnede målet med dette doktorgradsprosjektet var å gi en større forståelse av hvordan rask tillit til midlertidige grupper, moralsk stress og tilpasningsevne er relatert til operativ ledelse blant hærledere på lavere nivå. Studie 1 hadde som mål å belyse faktorer som gagner, eller ikke gagner, utviklingen av rask tillit til ledere i midlertidige militærgrupper. Totalt deltok 581 norske og svenske kadetter og offiserer og en kombinasjon av kvalitativ metode og ikke-parametrisk statistikk ble brukt. En hierarkisk modell av faktorer som bidrar til rask tillit til ledere av midlertidige grupper dukket opp. Modellen består av to kategorier på høyt nivå – individuelle kjennetegn og relasjonsrelaterte kjennetegn, som begge omfatter flere underordnede kategorier. Studie 2 hadde som mål å identifisere og få en dypere forståelse av miljø-, organisasjons- og gruppeforhold, og ledelsesrelaterte spørsmål spesielt, rapportert som viktige i alvorlig stressende situasjoner som involverer en moralsk stressor som militær- og politifolk står overfor. Studiegruppen besto av 16 militærkadetter og offiserer og 10 politifolk (alle svenske). Det ble gjennomført dybdeintervjuer og analysert ved hjelp av en fundert teoritilnærming. Den nye modellen består av et hierarkisk system av innbyrdes beslektede koder og kategorier av aspekter rapportert som viktige i alvorlig stressende situasjoner som involverer en moralsk stressor. Kategoriene var følgende (hver er underbygget av flere koder): Miljø, Organisasjon, Ledelse og Gruppe. Studie 3, til slutt, besto av en innledende kvalitativ studie (studie 3A), etterfulgt av en kvantitativ studie (studie 3B). Målet med studie 3A var å oppnå en dypere forståelse av følgende spørsmål: hva kjennetegner vellykket og mislykket militær ledelse på et lavere hierarkisk nivå, når tilpasningsevne er nødvendig for å håndtere en uventet truende hendelse under et fredsbevarende eller fredshåndhevelsesoppdrag i et miljø preget ved irregulær krigføring? Siden kvalitative studier har lav generaliserbarhet, ble de oppnådde resultatene operasjonalisert til et spørreskjema (studie 3B) for å fastslå om en kvantitativ studie ville validere resultatene eller ikke. Intervjuer ble gjennomført med 16 svenske soldater og offiserer i studie 3A, og svar innhentet fra 193 svenske soldater og offiserer i studie 3B. En prosessmodell som beskriver forhold som påvirker tilpasningsevnen når man møter en uventet hendelse ble utviklet i studie 3A. Modellen ble testet i studie 3B. Regresjonsanalyser viste høye til moderat høye justerte R²-koeffisienter. Imidlertid ga en moderasjonsanalyse et ikke-signifikant resultat og en baneanalyse resulterte i en dårlig modelltilpasning. Hovedbidragene til avhandlingen er de tre utviklede teoretiske modellene, og ved tilpasningsevne, den kvantitative testen av modellen. Person-for-situasjon-paradigmet ble brukt som rammeverk i den generelle diskusjonen av alle tre studiene. Til sammen utvider funnene den nåværende forståelsen av operativ ledelse blant militære ledere på lavere nivå.The conditions for warfare and military leadership have changed dramatically in the last few decades. Rapid technological advancements and a new geopolitical landscape imply an array of new demands and challenges for military leaders. This thesis focuses on the individual military leader from a psychological perspective. The overall aim of this thesis was to provide a greater understanding how swift trust in temporary groups, moral stress and adaptability are related to operational leadership among lower-level army leaders. Study 1 aimed to illuminate factors that benefit, or do not benefit, the development of swift trust towards leaders in temporary military groups. A total of 581 Norwegian and Swedish cadets and officers participated and a combination of qualitative clustering and non-parametric statistics was used. A hierarchical model of factors contributing to swift trust in leaders of temporary groups emerged. The model consists of two high-level categories—Individual-related characteristics and Relationship-related characteristics, both of which comprise several subordinate categories. Study 2 aimed to identify and gain a deeper understanding of environmental, organizational, and group conditions, and leadership-related issues in particular, reported as being important in severely stressful situations involving a moral stressor faced by military and police officers. The study group consisted of 16 military cadets and officers and 10 police officers (all Swedish). In-depth interviews were conducted and analyzed using a grounded theory-approach. The emerging model consists of a hierarchical system of interrelated codes and categories of aspects reported as being important in severely stressful situations involving a moral stressor. The categories were the following (each being underpinned by several codes): Environment, Organization, Leadership, and Group. Study 3, finally, consisted of an initial qualitative study (study 3A), followed by a quantitative study (study 3B). The aim of study 3A was to obtain a deeper understanding regarding the following question: what characterizes successful and unsuccessful military leadership at a lower hierarchical level, when adaptability is needed to handle an unexpected threatening event during a peacekeeping or peace enforcement mission in an environment characterized by irregular warfare? Since qualitative studies have low generalizability, the obtained results were operationalized into a questionnaire (study 3B) in order to ascertain whether a quantitative study would validate the results or not. Interviews were conducted with 16 Swedish soldiers and officers in study 3A, and responses obtained from 193 Swedish soldiers and officers in study 3B. A process model describing conditions that affect adaptability when encountering an unexpected event was developed in study 3A. The model was tested in study 3B. Regression analyses showed high to moderately high adjusted R² coefficients. However, a moderation analysis yielded a non-significant result and a path-analysis resulted in a poor model fit. The main contributions of the thesis are the three developed theoretical models, and in the case of adaptability, the quantitative test of the model. The person-by-situation paradigm was used as a framework in the general discussion of all three studies. Taken together, the findings broaden the current understanding of operational leadership among lower-level military leaders.Doktorgradsavhandlin

The effects of gender on perceptions of conflict management behavior.

The major purpose of this study was to examine same and cross-gender conflict to determine whether the gender of the other party is related to the choice of conflict-handling behavior in a given situation. Within the context of multiple-choice responses to given conflict situations in a constructed instrument, this study examined the interaction of three variables: (1) the gender of the individual responding to the conflict situation; (2) the choice of conflict-handling behavior by that individual in a given situation; and (3) the gender of the other party as described in the conflict situation. The added dimension of the appropriateness (according to contingency conflict management theory) of the conflict-handling behavior chosen in response to the situation given, was also examined. Significant differences were found regarding choice of conflict-handling style in relation to the gender of the other party. The sex of the respondent was not found to relate to either of these variables. Specifically, subjects chose accommodating more often with females, and avoiding and compromising more often with males. Competing and collaborating were chosen with equal frequency, regardless of the gender of the other party. So-called appropriate choice of competing and accommodating was found more often with female others, while avoiding and compromising were chosen appropriately more often with male others. Women chose collaborating appropriately more often with other women. Men did not differ based on the other party\u27s gender in this regard. Other interesting results emerged from this study. Overall, women subjects chose the appropriate style, given the situation, more often than did men subjects. Also, appropriate choices were made more frequently in response to situations in which a male was described as the other party. This may reflect a male bias in the theory or perhaps gender bias in the workplace. Additional research is needed, both to further the development of the instrument constructed for use in this study, to identify whether a bias exists in available theory, and to identify intrapersonal processes that would provide greater understanding of these findings

Easterner, Vol. 63, No. 24, April 25, 2012

This issue of the Easterner contains articles about noise complaints, Udall Scholarship winner Sherwin Racehorse, the state education budget, the Africana Education silent auction, a demonstration protesting Arizona House Bill 2281, Diversity Week, a campus performance by comedian Ant, the senior art exhibition, the men\u27s rugby club, runner Dani Moon, and the tennis season.https://dc.ewu.edu/student_newspapers/1775/thumbnail.jp

We Want it That Way: The Acculturation of Muslims in Multicultural and Pluralistic Societies from Minority and Majority Group Perspectives

Siden angrepene mot USA i 11. september 2001, har forholdet mellom majoritetsgruppemedlemmer og muslimske minoriteter i vesten fulgt en sirkel av anti-muslimske og anti-vestlige holdninger. I mange vestlige land har media og offentlig debatt skildret muslimers tilstedeværelse og deres religiøse praksis som uforenlig med vestlige demokratiske stater, som har gitt opphav til sosial eksklusjon, mistillit og mistro mot muslimer. Dette stadig mer anti-muslimsk klima oppfattes og oppleves av muslimske minoriteter som en trussel mot deres religiøse kultur og sosiale kategorisering som muslimer. Følgelig har dette fikk noen muslimer til å distansere seg og i noen tilfeller løsrive seg fra samfunnet, gi opphav til anti-vestlige følelser og oppførsel i form av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme. Som et resultat negative synspunkter mot det muslimske samfunnet blant majoritetssamfunnet ar forsterket. Basert på disse argumentene har denne oppgaven som mål å omfattende undersøke forholdet mellom muslimske minoriteter og deres samfunn. Denne oppgaven undersøker intergruppeforhold gjennom akkulturasjon, ved å se på religiøse og majoritetssamfunnskulturer. De underliggende elementene i det anspente forholdet blir undersøkt ved bruk av intergroup threat theory, intergroup emotions theory og perspektiver fra koalisjonell psykologi. Hovedmålene for denne oppgaven er todelt: 1 ) Denne oppgaven søker å undersøke prosessen med akkulturering hos muslimske minoriteter og de underliggende faktorene som påvirker forholdet til majoritetssamfunnet fra et muslimsk minoritetsperspektiv. 2 ) Den har til hensikt å undersøke hvordan akkultureringsprosessen til muslimer oppfattes av majoritetssamfunnet og hvordan denne oppfatningen påvirker intergruppeforhold i deres respektive samfunn. Forskningsdata i denne oppgaven er hentet fra tre studier utført i tre forskjellige land: Norge, Storbritannia og Canada, og blant fire forskjellige grupper: muslimer i Norge og Storbritannia, og de britiske og kanadiske majoritetsgruppemedlemmene. Paper 1 tar det muslimske minoritetsperspektivet og undersøker hvorfor trussel oppfatninger fra majoritetssamfunnet kan føre til høyere voldelige atferds intensjoner blant muslimer basert på distinkte akkulturasjonsorienteringer. Den tester antagelsen i to utvalg som består av norske (N = 253) og britiske muslimer (N = 194). Resultatene indikerer at jo mer norske muslimer oppfatter realistisk trussel, jo mer voldelige atferds intensjoner de viser, men dette forholdet er ikke mediert av akkulturering. Blant britiske muslimer, mainstream akkulturasjonsorientering er relatert til mer voldelige intensjoner, mens trussel ikke er det. I begge utvalg symbolsk trussel er assosiert med mer støtte for muslimsk militær vold og dette forholdet er mediert av religiøs akkulturering i Storbritannia. Symbolsk trussel er knyttet sammen med mindre personlige intensjoner om å begå vold i Storbritannia, mediert av religiøse akkulturasjon. Komplementære analyser som beregner akkulturasjonsstrategier indikerer det assimilerte, og til en viss grad integrerte, muslimer i begge land har en tendens til å vise det høyeste voldelige atferds intensjoner. Derimot viser separerte individer det høyeste nivået av støtte til muslimsk militær vold. Paper 2 er forhåndsregistrert eksperimentell forskning, som undersøker den formidlende rollen til oppfattet (ill)lojalitet av britiske muslimer som underliggende prosess med intergruppe forholdet mellom muslimer og majoritetssamfunnet fra en majoritetsgruppe perspektiv. 334 ikke-muslimske hvite britiske deltakere i studie 1 og 810 i studie 2 ble spurt å indikere deres akkultureringsforventninger overfor muslimer. De var da tilfeldig tildelt å lese en tekst som beskrev muslimer i en fiktiv by som enten (a) vedlikeholde deres religiøse kultur eller (b) tilegne den mainstream britiske kulturen, eller de leser ( c ) en nøytral kontrolltekst. Som forventet, i studie 1, da muslimer ble presentert for å opprettholde deres religiøse kultur, reduserte tilliten sammenlignet med kontrollgruppen. Motsatt, når muslimer ble beskrevet å tilegne mainstream-kulturen, økte tilliten mens støtten til overvåking av muslimer ble redusert. Begge effektene ble formidlet av oppfatningen om at muslimer var illojale eller lojale mot Storbritannia i begge studiene. Oppfattet lojalitet til sin religiøse gruppe viste ikke betydelig effekt. Vi repliserte disse funnene i studie 2. I tillegg resultater viser at det å beskrive muslimer som å opprettholde sin religiøse kultur reduserte tilliten og økte støtte til overvåking spesielt blant deltakere som forventet muslimer til å gi opp sin religiøse kultur. Moderasjonsanalyse viste at disse effektene var delvis formidlet av opplevd lojalitet til Storbritannia. Paper 3 tar også en majoritetsgruppe perspektiv og vurderer eksperimentelt effekten av Muslimers akkulturasjonsstrategier som oppfattet av majoritetsgruppen og hvordan den påvirker sosial eksklusjon av og religiøs ergrelse mot Muslimer i Canada. Utvalget besto av 190 ikke-muslimske kanadiere. Resultatene viser at når muslimer ble sett på som assimilert i det kanadiske samfunnet, sosial eksklusjon av muslimer og religiøs ergrelse mot Muslimer reduserte. Videre medierer religiøs ergrelse assosiasjonen mellom Muslimers oppfattet akkulturasjonsstrategier og sosial eksklusjon bare når de var oppfattet som assimilert. Avslutningsvis bekrefter funnene fra denne oppgaven sirkelen av anti-muslim og anti-vestlig holdninger og oppførsel blant majoritetsgruppemedlemmer og den muslimske minoriteten i vestlige samfunn, påvirket av hendelser i fortiden. Denne oppgaven er relevant for muslimske ledere og organisasjoner som representerer muslimske minoriteter og majoritetsgruppen, organisasjoner som fokuserer på å utvikle og implementere politikk og programmer for sosial samhørighet, og de som jobber å motvirke fiendskap mot muslimsk minoritet og majoritetsgrupper.Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, the relationship between majority group members and Muslim minorities in the West has followed a cycle of anti-Muslim and anti-Western attitudes and behavior. In many Western countries, media and public debate have portrayed Muslims’ presence and their religious practices as incompatible with Western democratic states, which have generated biased behaviors and attitudes in the form of social exclusion, distrust, and suspicion toward the Muslim community by the majority society. Furthermore, the majority group has extensively debated factors that might lead Muslim minority group members to support violence by foreign extremist states or to commit violence themselves. This increasingly anti-Muslim climate is perceived and experienced by Muslim minorities as a threat to their religious culture and social categorization as Muslims. Consequently, this has caused some Muslims to distance themselves and, in some cases, disengage from society, giving rise to anti-Western sentiments and behavior in the form of radicalization and violent extremism. As a result, negative views toward the Muslim community intensified among the majority group members. Based on these arguments, this thesis aims to comprehensively examine the intergroup relationship between Muslim minorities and their wider society. This thesis investigates intergroup relations through the process of acculturation, with respect to religious and majority society cultures. The underlying elements of the tense relationship are examined using intergroup threat theory, intergroup emotions theory and perspectives from coalitional psychology. The main goals of this thesis are twofold: 1) This thesis seeks to investigate the process of acculturation in Muslim minorities and the underlying factors that impact their relationship with the majority society from a Muslim minority perspective. 2) It intends to examine how the acculturation process of Muslims is perceived by majority society and how this perception influences intergroup relationships in their respective societies. The research data in this thesis are drawn from three studies carried out in three different countries: Norway, the U.K., and Canada, and among four different groups: Muslims in Norway and the U.K., and the British and Canadian majority group members. Paper 1 takes the Muslim minority perspective and investigates why threat perceptions from majority society may lead to higher violent behavioral intentions among Muslims based on distinct acculturation orientations. It tests this proposition in two samples comprising of Norwegian (N = 253) and British Muslims (N = 194). Results indicate that the more Norwegian Muslims perceive realistic threat, the more violent behavioral intentions they show, but this relation is not mediated by acculturation. Among British Muslims, mainstream acculturation orientation is related to more violent intentions, while threat is not. In both samples, symbolic threat is associated with more support for Muslim military violence and this relationship is mediated by religious acculturation in the U.K. Symbolic threat is linked with less personal intentions to commit violence in the U.K., mediated by religious acculturation. Complementary analyses calculating acculturation strategies indicate that assimilated, and to some extent integrated, Muslims in both countries tend to show the highest violent behavioral intentions. By contrast, separated individuals show the highest level of support for Muslim military violence. Paper 2 is pre-registered experimental research, which examines the mediating role of perceived (dis)loyalty of British Muslims as underlying process of biased intergroup relationship between Muslims and the majority society from a majority group perspective. A total of 334 non-Muslim White British participants in Study 1 and 810 in Study 2 were asked to indicate their acculturation expectations toward Muslims. They were then randomly assigned to read a text that described Muslims in a fictional town as either (a) maintaining their religious culture or (b) adopting the mainstream British culture, or they read (c) a neutral control text. As expected, in Study 1, when Muslims were presented as maintaining their religious culture, trust decreased compared to the control group. Conversely, when described as adopting the mainstream culture, trust increased while support for surveillance of Muslims decreased. Both effects were mediated by the perception of Muslims being disloyal or loyal to the U.K in both studies, respectively. Perceived loyalty to their religious group did not significantly mediate any effect. We replicated these findings in Study 2. Moreover, the results show that describing Muslims as maintaining their religious culture decreased trust and increased support for surveillance especially among participants who expected Muslims to give up their religious culture. Moderated mediation analysis showed that these effects were partly mediated by perceived loyalty to the U.K. Paper 3 also takes a majority group perspective and experimentally assesses the effects of Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies by the majority group on the social exclusion of Muslims in Canada, and to what extent religious resentment mediates the relationship between Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies and social exclusion. The sample consisted of 190 non-Muslim Canadians. The results show that when Muslims were viewed as assimilated in Canadian society, social exclusion of Muslims and religious resentment toward Muslims decreased. Furthermore, religious resentment mediates the association between Muslims’ perceived acculturation strategies and social exclusion only when they were perceived as assimilated. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis confirm the cycle of anti-Muslim and anti-Western attitudes and behavior among majority group members and the Muslim minority in Western societies, influenced by past events. This thesis is relevant to Muslim leaders and organizations representing Muslim minorities and the majority group, organizations that focus on developing and implementing social cohesion policies and programs, and those who work to counter animosity toward Muslim minority and majority groups.Doktorgradsavhandlin

A home of one’s own | Philosophical considerations on the issue of housing

While architects, social psychologists, anthropologists and historians have conceptualized it in varied ways, little has been made of the issue of housing in philosophy. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that many aspects of housing relate directly to fundamental philosophical concepts and questions. I revisit notions of justice, freedom, dignity, equality and privacy through the lens of the house, and make a case for bringing the issue of housing to salience in normative philosophical theorizing. Two simple questions thread their way through the text: What constitutes adequate housing? And, why does housing matter? As possible answers to these questions, I discuss significant characteristics of one’s house and use diverse case studies to highlight how such features are meaningfully entangled with ethics, morality, law and politics. I borrow and elaborate on the capability approach to identify features of the adequate house, which I situate within the contemporary landscape, weighing up clashing private, collective and common property rules. My hope – and my normative claim – is that viewed collectively, these features make evident that philosophers ought to consider the issue of housing seriously if they are to engage in conceptualizing and contributing to human welfare. In Chapter 1, I lay the conceptual grounds for an account of housing adequacy, working from the United Nations’ descriptions of the human right to housing and its associated provisions. I discuss the capability approach, stressing its focus on essential human functionings and wellbeing, and contrasting it with a basic needs approach: I do so to make the case that a human right to housing understood in terms of needs runs the risk of being minimally defined, thus limiting its defense in ways which conceal housing’s true importance. My argument is that housing is physical shelter plus other things that are personal and existentially significant: in Chapter 2, I look at actions which are enabled by adequate housing. The first section, “Considerations on the body”, emphasizes essential bodily doings and beings, and studies them in light of our established culture of property rights. The second section, “Considerations on the mind”, tackles the phenomenology of being housed, and makes an argument for its mind-related significance. Finally, to justify the human right to housing, I also have to show that the duties it would impose are identifiable and reasonably justifiable, and borne by a specific ensemble of addressees, people or agencies. This is what I set to do in Chapter 3. I identify and describe the housing-related duties and responsibilities which befall on States, municipal authorities and individuals. I then frame architects and professionals of the built environment as overlooked bearers of duties relating to the right to an adequate house. I conclude the research by offering a tentative definition of housing adequacy.Philosophy - Master's ThesisFILO350MAHF-FIL