"Bilingual Expert" Can Find Translation Errors

Recent advances in statistical machine translation via the adoption of neural sequence-to-sequence models empower the end-to-end system to achieve state-of-the-art in many WMT benchmarks. The performance of such machine translation (MT) system is usually evaluated by automatic metric BLEU when the golden references are provided for validation. However, for model inference or production deployment, the golden references are prohibitively available or require expensive human annotation with bilingual expertise. In order to address the issue of quality evaluation (QE) without reference, we propose a general framework for automatic evaluation of translation output for most WMT quality evaluation tasks. We first build a conditional target language model with a novel bidirectional transformer, named neural bilingual expert model, which is pre-trained on large parallel corpora for feature extraction. For QE inference, the bilingual expert model can simultaneously produce the joint latent representation between the source and the translation, and real-valued measurements of possible erroneous tokens based on the prior knowledge learned from parallel data. Subsequently, the features will further be fed into a simple Bi-LSTM predictive model for quality evaluation. The experimental results show that our approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance in the quality estimation track of WMT 2017/2018.Comment: Accepted to AAAI 201

El contacto de sílabas como origen de las evoluciones de las secuencias de consonante±wau en romance.

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Vergleichende 3D-kephalometrische Untersuchungen an Gesichtsschädeln von Patienten mit und ohne endokrine Orbitopathie

In dieser Arbeit wurde die Bedeutung anatomischer Parameter der Orbita für die Ätiologie und Ausprägung der endokrinen Orbitopathie und des Exophthalmus bei Morbus Basedow untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede der Orbita analysiert. Hierzu erfolgte eine 3D-kephalometrische Untersuchung an 123 computertomographischen (CT) Datensätzen (52 mit endokriner Orbitopathie, 71 Kontrolldatensätze). Mittels 56 anatomischer Landmarken wurden 155 Strecken und 20 Winkel je Datensatz bestimmt und statistisch evaluiert. Es zeigte sich eine symmetrische Anatomie mit deutlichen Geschlechtsunterschieden bei 39 Strecken, zwei Winkeln sowie bei Orbitavolumen und –fläche. Hierbei lagen bei Männern signifikant größere Werte vor. Hinsichtlich der Gruppen mit und ohne endokrine Orbitopathie fanden sich bei Frauen Unterschiede bei 13 Strecken und zwei Winkeln, bei Männern hingegen nur bei einer Strecke. Bezüglich der Position des Bulbus oculi korrelierten größere Orbitadimensionen mit einem größeren Bulbusabstand zur Trichterspitze. Die sagittale Konfiguration des Orbitarandes zeigte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die jeweiligen Hertel-Exophthalmometriewerte. Hinsichtlich der anatomischen Parameter der knöchernen Orbita konnte somit keine wesentliche Bedeutung für die Ätiologie der endokrinen Orbitopathie gefunden werden. Andererseits stellt die anatomische Konfiguration des Orbitarandes eine bedeutsame Einflussgröße für die klinische Exophthalmometrie dar. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung können zur Orbitaanalyse und Operationsplanung sowie zur Einschätzung postoperativer Ergebnisse genutzt werden.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 2 2 Einführung 3 2.1 Morbus Basedow und endokrine Orbitopathie 3 2.2 Fragestellung 6 3 Material und Methoden 7 3.1 Patienten 7 3.2 3D-Kephalometrie und Volumenbestimmung der Orbita 7 3.3 Statistik 11 4 Publikation 12 5 Zusammenfassung 33 6 Literaturverzeichnis 34 7 Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 46 8 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 47 9 Curriculum vitae 48 10 Publikationsliste 49 11 Danksagung 5

Pirfenidone reduces ovarian fibrosis and improves PCOS in letrozole-induced rat model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder characterized by cystic ovarian morphology, anovulation, and infertility. Ovarian fibrosis has recently emerged as a key pathological feature of PCOS. This study investigated whether pirfenidone (PFD), an antifibrotic agent, could improve ovarian dysfunction in a letrozole-induced PCOS rat model. Forty-two female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups (n=7 each): control, PFD, PCOS, PCOS/PFD, PCOS/combined oral contraceptives (COC), and PCOS/PFD/COC. PCOS was induced using letrozole (1 mg/kg/day orally for 21 days). PFD (200 mg/kg/day) and/or COC (0.18 mg/kg cyproterone acetate and 0.00315 mg/kg ethinyl estradiol) were administered for 21 days. Compared to controls, PCOS rats exhibited significant disruptions in estrous cyclicity, ovarian morphology, and fibrosis-related markers (all p<0.0001), despite no significant changes in testosterone (p=0.058) or estrogen (p=0.896) levels. PFD treatment significantly improved estrous cyclicity, follicular profile, and corpora lutea count (all p<0.0001), reduced ovarian fibrosis (p<0.0001), downregulated TGF-β1, CTGF, and MMP-9 (all p<0.0001), and upregulated PPAR-γ and MMP-2 (both p<0.0001), without affecting hormone levels (p=0.945 and p=0.479, respectively). COC treatment also improved estrous cyclicity and ovarian histology (all p<0.0001), reduced fibrosis (p=0.005), and modulated TGF-β1, CTGF, MMP-9, and PPAR-γ expression (p=0.0001 to <0.0001), but had no effect on MMP-2 (p=0.868). Combination therapy (PCOS/PFD/COC) provided additional improvement in corpora lutea count (p<0.0001 vs. PCOS/PFD) and collagen deposition (p=0.002 vs. PCOS/PFD) but did not confer further benefits in fibrosis-related marker expression or folliculogenesis (all p>0.05). These findings suggest that pirfenidone mitigates PCOS pathology by targeting ovarian fibrosis, supporting antifibrotic therapy as a novel and promising approach

Studies concerning neurosecretion in the Khapra beetle : Trogoderma granarium

Imperial Users onl

Palyginamieji tekstynai – šaltinis tarptautinių žodžių vartosenai tirti

Globalisation and modern information technologies cause the spread of cognates in languages of the world. Displaying a similar form and content but exhibiting different patterns of usage, cognates seem to become a pitfall for foreign language users and translators. A possible solution to the problem is the analysis of cognate usage based on comparable corpora which offer a reliable source of data for this kind of analysis. The paper deals with one lexeme in English, apathy, and its equivalent in Lithuanian apatija and their concordances compiled from the Bank of English and the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian. The data are analysed and classified into types of word combinations such as subjective, predicative, objective, attributive, and adverbial. Enumerative noun chains and afterwords are compared between the two languages as well. Similarities and differences in the apathyapatija usage patterns are disclosed and some generalisations drawn. The article suggests that the English noun apathy is more common and universal in nature and it is used in a greater variety of different contexts and situations than is the case with its Lithuanian counterpart apatija. Thererore, it is useful for foreign language learners, users and translators to resort to corpora due to the fact that monolingual and bilingual dictionaries cannot be treated as reliable sources of the correct usage of collocations

New Mexico Daily Lobo, Volume 088, No 37, 10/11/1983

New Mexico Daily Lobo, Volume 088, No 37, 10/11/1983https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/daily_lobo_1983/1118/thumbnail.jp

"AGREEMENT IN SOMALI CLAUSES WITH WAXAA FOCUS AND VS WORD ORDER"

Resumé I satser böjer sig somaliska verb utifrån person (första, andra eller tredje), antal (singular eller plural) och kön på subjektet (maskulinum eller femininum) för tredje person singular. Denna uppsats undersöker och beskriver systematiskt hur subjekt-verb överensstämmelse fungerar i somaliska satser när fokuspartikeln waxaa är närvarande och ordföljd verb-subjekt (VS) används. Efter en introduktion till somalisk meningsstruktur och dess överensstämmelsemönster samt en omfattande teoretisk bakgrund fokuserar den sedan specifikt på somaliska överensstämmelsemönster. För att besvara undersökningsfrågorna antogs två tillvägagångssätt. Först genomfördes en omfattande korpusundersökning för att samla in nödvändiga data. Därefter skapades en enkät som distribuerades till tio nativa somaliska talare. Dataanalysen involverad med att granska tidigare forskning om somaliska satser med fokuspartikeln och jämföra resultaten med befintliga data från Saeed (1984). Detta omfattande ramverk och de insamlade data användes sedan för att illustrera hur överensstämmelsen fungerar i somaliska satser med waxaa och VS ordföljd. Resultaten visar att det finns variation i överensstämmelse i de somaliska satserna när de innehåller waxaa. Specifikt uppvisar vissa meningar identiska verbformer men olika subjektssubstantiv vad gäller i grammatiskt kön. Å andra sidan, innehåller andra meningar samma substantiv både i kön och antal, men visar olika verbformerIn clauses, Somali verb conjugate based on the person (first, second, or third), number (singular or plural), and gender of the subject (masculine or feminine) for the third person singular. This essay investigates and systematically describes how subject-verb agreement functions in Somali clauses when the focus particle waxaa is present and the verb-subject (VS) word order is used. After an introduction to Somali sentence structure and its agreement patterns and comprehensive theoretical background it then focuses specifically on Somali agreement patterns. To address the research questions, two approaches was adopted. First, a large corpus investigation was conducted to collect necessary data. Following this, a survey was created and distributed to ten native Somali speakers. The data analysis involved examining previous research on Somali clauses with the focus particle and comparing the findings with existing data provided by Saeed (1984). This comprehensive framework and the collected data were then used to illustrate how agreement functions in Somali clauses with waxaa and VS word order. The results reveal different construction of agreements in the Somali clauses when it contains waxaa. Specifically, some sentences exhibit identical verb forms but have subject nouns differing in grammatical gender. On the other hand, other sentences contain the same nouns in terms of both gender and number, yet they display different verb forms

NASA Tech Briefs, December 1999

Topics include: Imaging/Videos/Cameras; Electronic Components and Circuits; Electronic Systems; Physical Sciences; Materials; Computer Programs; Mechanics; Machinery/Automation; Books and Reports

Tradiciones discursivas y cambio lingüístico

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