Exogenous Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Stimulates Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Enhances Hippocampal Remyelination

New CNS neurons and glia are generated throughout adulthood from endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells. These progenitors can respond to injury, but their ability to proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and survive is usually insufficient to replace lost cells and restore normal function. Potentiating the progenitor response with exogenous factors is an attractive strategy for the treatment of nervous system injuries and neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. Previously, we reported that delivery of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) to the CNS stimulates the self-renewal of neural stem cells and the proliferation of parenchymal glial progenitors. Here we identify these parenchymal glia as oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) and show that LIF delivery stimulates their proliferation through the activation of gp130 receptor signaling within these cells. Importantly, this effect of LIF on OPC proliferation can be harnessed to enhance the generation of OLs that express myelin proteins and reform nodes of Ranvier in the context of chronic demyelination in the adult mouse hippocampus. Our findings, considered together with the known beneficial effects of LIF on OL and neuron survival, suggest that LIF has both reparative and protective activities that make it a promising potential therapy for CNS demyelinating disorders and injuries

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and Online Systems

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.Comment: 83 pages, 50 figures; updated with minor changes from journal review and proofin

Comparative evaluation of approaches in T.4.1-4.3 and working definition of adaptive module

The goal of this deliverable is two-fold: (1) to present and compare different approaches towards learning and encoding movements us- ing dynamical systems that have been developed by the AMARSi partners (in the past during the first 6 months of the project), and (2) to analyze their suitability to be used as adaptive modules, i.e. as building blocks for the complete architecture that will be devel- oped in the project. The document presents a total of eight approaches, in two groups: modules for discrete movements (i.e. with a clear goal where the movement stops) and for rhythmic movements (i.e. which exhibit periodicity). The basic formulation of each approach is presented together with some illustrative simulation results. Key character- istics such as the type of dynamical behavior, learning algorithm, generalization properties, stability analysis are then discussed for each approach. We then make a comparative analysis of the different approaches by comparing these characteristics and discussing their suitability for the AMARSi project

mmWave RX interference test considerations and challenges in OTA environment

Abstract. Verifying equipment using the OTA (Over the Air) techniques is a recent addition in telecommunication testing. With the addition of new frequency bands, mmWave (millimetre wave) technology and massive MIMO (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output), the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Programme) has cemented OTA testing as the focus for verifying future equipment. However, these verifying methods are still in development, or stated as general ideas of how they are meant to be done. The main goal of this thesis is to study and design a system for receiver radio testing, according to 3GPP specifications. The test system must operate in mmWave frequency range and must be integrated to a pre-built antenna testing environment. The motivation is to verify the testing method proposed by 3GPP for mmWave receiver testing and analyse it thoroughly. This thesis aims to answer such research questions as: Is the testing method proposed by 3GPP valid for verifying mmWave frequency products? What are the major challenges, when designing test setup for high frequency devices? How can the method be improved and how it can be applied in the future? This thesis answers the first question by applying the proposed test methods in practical scenario and testing an actual eNB/gNB (eNodeB / Next generation eNodeB). Since the proposed test method has only general outline of what equipment to use, the actual test scenario will have additional pieces of testing equipment. For the second question, this thesis discusses the theory behind 5G and mmWave challenges, and how the use of these techniques is justified for practical usage. This theory is based on former research as well as current specifications applied by the 3GPP. The third research question is part of the final analysis, where the test results are analysed, and the major parts are discussed in depth. These discussions are then further expanded on with the purpose of suggesting possible areas of improvement as well as how to apply these findings into future use. The final outcome of the study is that the suggested test method is workings as it was presented by the 3GPP. However, there are some areas of improvement that should be discussed as a future work.Millimetriaaltojen RX interferenssi RF-testit OTA-ympäristössä. Tiivistelmä. Tuotteiden testaaminen ilmateitse on melko uusi lisäys tietoliikennetestauksen tekniikoihin, joita käytetään tuotteiden varmentamiseen. 3GPP on osoittanut OTA-testauksen keskeiseksi osaksi tulevien tuotteiden verifiointia. Osaksi tämä johtuu uusien taajuuskanavien käyttöönotosta, millimetriaaltoteknologiasta sekä massive MIMO tuotteiden yleistymisestä. Vaikka testaustapoja on jo ehdotettu, ne ovat vielä mahdollisesti vain yleisiä ideoita kuinka testejä tulisi suorittaa. Työn tarkoituksena on tutkia ja suunnitella vastaanottimen testaamiseen tehty testijärjestely. Testijärjestelyn tulee toimia millimetriaalloille tarkoitetulla taajuusalueella, ja työ tulee integroida valmiiksi suunniteltuun CATR-antennikammioon. Työn motivaationa on verifioida 3GPP:n ehdottama testausmetodi, millimetriaaltotaajuuksilla toimivien vastaanottimien toimivuus ja analysoida tämä tarkemmin. Tämä työ pyrkii vastaamaan tutkimuskysymyksiin kuten: Onko 3GPP:n ehdottama testimetodi pätevä verifioimaan millimetriaaltotaajuuksilla toimivia tuotteita? Mitä ovat suurimmat haasteet, kun suunnitellaan testijärjestelyä korkeataajuuksisille laitteille? Kuinka tätä metodia voidaan parantaa, ja kuinka sitä voidaan hyödyntää tulevaisuudessa? Työ vastaa ensimmäiseen tutkimuskysymykseen ottamalla käyttöön 3GPP:n ehdottamat testausmetodit käytännön testijärjestelyssä, ja testaamalla näillä metodeilla oikean tuotteen. Tällä tavoin ehdotettu testausmetodi pyritään verifioimaan. Tulee kuitenkin ottaa huomion, että ehdotetussa metodissa esitetään vain yleisellä tasolla mitä testaamiseen käytettävää laitteistoa käytetään. Tämän takia testeissä tulee olemaan joitain lisälaitteita, jotka ovat kuitenkin osa kokonaista testiympäristöä. Toiseen tutkimuskysymykseen perehdytään käymällä läpi teoriaa 5G:n ja millimetriaaltoteknologian haasteista, ja kuinka näitä tekniikoita tullaan hyödyntämään tulevaisuudessa. Teoria perustuu aiempaan tutkimukseen, sekä nykyisiin spesifikaatioihin jota 3GPP on kehittänyt. Kolmas tutkimuskysymys on osa lopullista analyysiä, jossa testien tulokset analysoidaan ja niiden pääkohdista keskustellaan tarkemmin. Tämän jälkeen keskusteluja täsmennetään liittyen mahdollisiin parannuksiin tietyllä aihealueilla, sekä mahdollisuuksista käyttää kyseisiä tuloksia tulevaisuudessa. Lopullinen päätelmä on, että ehdotettu testausmetodi toimii kuten se oli esitetty 3GPP:n dokumentoinnissa. On kuitenkin joitain osa-alueita, joita voitaisiin käsitellä tarkemmin tai jopa parantaa tulevaisuutta varten

Investigations into the feasibility of an on-line test methodology

This thesis aims to understand how information coding and the protocol that it supports can affect the characteristics of electronic circuits. More specifically, it investigates an on-line test methodology called IFIS (If it Fails It Stops) and its impact on the design, implementation and subsequent characteristics of circuits intended for application specific lC (ASIC) technology. The first study investigates the influences of information coding and protocol on the characteristics of IFIS systems. The second study investigates methods of circuit design applicable to IFIS cells and identifies the· technique possessing the characteristics most suitable for on-line testing. The third study investigates the characteristics of a 'real-life' commercial UART re-engineered using the techniques resulting from the previous two studies. The final study investigates the effects of the halting properties endowed by the protocol on failure diagnosis within IFIS systems. The outcome of this work is an identification and characterisation of the factors that influence behaviour, implementation costs and the ability to test and diagnose IFIS designs

Belle II Technical Design Report

The Belle detector at the KEKB electron-positron collider has collected almost 1 billion Y(4S) events in its decade of operation. Super-KEKB, an upgrade of KEKB is under construction, to increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude during a three-year shutdown, with an ultimate goal of 8E35 /cm^2 /s luminosity. To exploit the increased luminosity, an upgrade of the Belle detector has been proposed. A new international collaboration Belle-II, is being formed. The Technical Design Report presents physics motivation, basic methods of the accelerator upgrade, as well as key improvements of the detector.Comment: Edited by: Z. Dole\v{z}al and S. Un