Morphometric studies in the genus Clerodendrum L.

Six Clerodendrum L. species from Kolhapur district were morphometrically analyzed with the help of PCA, cluster analysis and CD. It was observed that the quantitative characters viz. petiole length, leaf length and leaf width have great significance in delimitation of all the species and corolla tube length, leaf width, gynoecium length and leaf length have great contribution in separation of the taxa. Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O. Ktze.- Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Clerodendrum paniculatum L. - Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. and Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. - Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. are very closely related with each other and Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O.Ktze.- Clerodendrum paniculatum L. and Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O. Ktze. - Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. are significantly different from each other

Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae l.) terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans

Uji efek antibakteri ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae l.) terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans Susriyani Bontjura1), Olivia Amelia Waworuntu2), Krista Veronica Siagian1) 1)Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT 2)Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi  ABSTRACT      Dental caries is one of the most prevalent oral health problems in Indonesia. The main bacterial cause of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans. Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.)  used as vegetables and often used as traditional medicine in Minahasa. Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) consisted of active compounds that function as an antibacterial. They are flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids. The aim of this study to determine the antibacterial effects of Leilem leaves extract (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.This experimental study used post test only control group design with Kirby-bauer modification method used paper disk. The Leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.)  were taken from Manado City and then they were extracted with maceration method using  ethanol 96% solution. Streptococcus mutans bacteria taken from a pure stock Microbiology Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sam Ratulangi University Manado. The result showed the average diameter of inhibition zone of leilem leaves extract against Streptococcus mutans bacteria was 6,20mm and smaller than the averge diameter of inhibition zone of antibiotic erythromycin. The conclusion are leilem leaves extract has an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans bacteria.  Key word: leilem leaves (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans    ABSTRAK Karies gigi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang paling menonjol di Indonesia. Bakteri utama penyebab karies gigi adalah bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) digunakan sebagai tanaman sayuran dan sering digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional di daerah Minahasa. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) mengandung senyawa aktif yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri yaitu, flavonoid, fenol, steroid dan terpenoid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri  ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan desain post test only control group design dengan menggunakan metode modifikasi Kirby-bauer menggunakan kertas saring. Daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) diambil dari Kota Manado dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa rata-rata diameter zona hambat ekstrak daun leilem terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebesar 6,20mm dan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan rata-rata diameter zona hambat antibiotik eritromisin. Kesimpulannya ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans.   Kata kunci: daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans Â

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF CLERODENDRUM INFORTUNATUM

Objective: To determine preliminary phytochemical Screening and evaluation of Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of Leaves Clerodendrum infortunatum.Methods: The ethanolic extract of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum was prepared and analyzed for phytochemical constituents using standard method and evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrheal effect using leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum by castor oil-inducing method. Animals were divided into four groups. Group-I was treated with distilled water 2 ml/kg body weight. Group-II was treated with loperamide 1 mg/kg body weight, Group-III and Group-IV were treated with ethanolic extract of leaves Clerodendrum infortunatum 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively.Results: Various phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, glycoside, saponins, proteins and amino acids. The ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum leaves given by oral route to mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly showed antidiarrheal activity against castor oil induced diarrhea as compared with control group and standard.Conclusion: The present study concluded that ethanolic extract of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum contain the high presence of phytochemical components and it showed that the leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum having significant antidiarrheal activity. All doses of the plant extracts showed a significant delay in castor oil-induced diarrhea and this justifies the use of this plant as a herbal remedy against diarrhea.Â

Palynological characterization of species of Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. and Lamiaceae Martinov (Lamiales Bromhead)

Clerodendrum splendens A. Chev., Clerodendrum x speciosum Tiej. & Binn, Clerodendrum thomsonae Balf. F., Clerodendrum ugandense L., Congea tomentosa Roxb., Duranta erecta L., Petrea volubilis L. and Petrea volubilis f. albiflora (Standl.) Standl. pollen grains were acetolyzed, photographed and measured under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Values presented are averages in micrometers. Grains are monads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, large (C. ugandense, very large, C. tomentosa, small-medium and D. erecta, medium),tricolpate (P. volubilis f. albiflora, dimorphic grains with 3-4 colpus). Ambitus is circular (C. tomentosa and D. erecta, sub-circular, P. volubilis , triangular, P. volubilis f. albiflora, triangular-quadrangular). The form is oblate-spheroidal (C. splendens, C. x speciosum, C. ugandense), prolate-spheroidal (C. thomsonae), prolate (C. tomentosa), suboblate (D. erecta) and oblate (P. volubilis, P. volubilis f. albiflora). Exine thickness is in C. splendens 4,28, C. x speciosum 4,19, C. ugandense 4,33, C. thomsonae 4,18, C. tomentosa 1,4, D. erecta 1,55, P. volubilis 2,49, P. volubilis f. albiflora 2,68. Ornamentation is micro-echinate (C. splendens, C. x speciosum, C. thomsonae), echinate (C. ugandense), reticulate (C. tomentosa), psilate (D. erecta, P. volubilis, P. volubulis f. albiflora). Duranta and Petrea are close to Verbenaceae pattern, Congea to Lamiaceae and Clerodendrum loosely to Lamiaceae

Ethnomedicine of the Kagera Region, north western Tanzania. Part 3: plants used in traditional medicine in Kikuku village, Muleba District.

BACKGROUND\ud \ud The Kagera region of north western Tanzania has a rich culture of traditional medicine use and practice. Traditional medicines are the mainstay of healthcare in this region and are known to support the management of many illnesses such as malaria, bacterial infections, epilepsy, gynecological problems and others. However, most of the plants being used have either not been documented or evaluated for safety and efficacy or both. This study, the sixth of an ongoing series, reports on the medicinal plants that are used at Kikuku village, Muleba District.\ud \ud METHODOLOGY\ud \ud A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the common/local names of the plants, parts of the plants used, diseases treated, methods of preparing the herbal remedies, dosage of the remedies administered, frequency and duration of treatment and toxicity of the medicines. A literature review was carried out for information on the ethnomedical uses of the reported plants.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud \ud A total of 49 plant species belonging to 47 genera and 24 plant families were documented. The family Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae had the highest representation. The plants are used for the treatment of skin conditions (10 plants; 20%), bacterial infections and wounds (14 plants; 28.6%), malaria (14 plants; 28.6%), gastrointestinal disorders (11 plants; 22.4%), gynecological problems including infertility (8 plants; 16.3%), hypertension (5 plants; 10.2%), viral infections (7 plants; 14.3%), chest problems (5 plants; 10.2%), diabetes (3 plants; 6.1%), cancer (2 plants; 4.1%), inflammatory conditions (arthritis, rheumatism), HIV and AIDS, and hernia each treated by 1 plant (3 plants in total; 6.1%). Information obtained from the literature indicate that 25 (51.0%) of the therapeutic claims are supported by laboratory results or have similar claims of ethnomedical use from other countries.\ud \ud CONCLUSION\ud \ud Herbal remedies comprise an important and effective component of the healthcare system in Kikuku village with plants in the families Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae comprising an important part of plants used in the indigenous healthcare management in the village. Malaria and bacterial infections dominate the list of diseases that are managed using traditional medicines

Uji Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (Khm) Ekstrak Daun Leilem (Clerodendrum Minahassae L.) Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

UJI KONSENTRASI HAMBAT MINIMUM (KHM) EKSTRAK DAUN LEILEM (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans Hanna R. R. Situmorang1), Olivia Waworuntu1), Christy Mintjelungan1) 1) Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT Caries is one of the dental and oral diseases that are often experienced by the population of Indonesia. Caries is a disease of hard dental tissue , which consists of email , dentin and cementum , which is caused by the activity of microorganisms in fermentable carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans bacteria are known to be the main cause of dental caries. Leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) is one of a herbal plant containing of antimicrobial compounds, namely flavonoid, fenol, steroid and terpenoid. A study has been held in Manado by Bontjura et al in 2015 proved that the extract of leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) could inhibit the Streptococcus mutans.The purpose of this study is to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) to Streptococcus mutans. This research is a true experimental research with Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. This method used in this study is serial dilution method with turbidimetry and spectrophotometry as the test methods. Leilem leaf was taken from Paniki, subdistrict of Mapanget, and was extracted with maceration method using ethanol 96%. Streptococcus mutans bacterial was taken from a pure bacterial stock in Pharmacy Laboratory Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science University of Sam Ratulangi Manado.Based on this research the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of leilem leaf extract (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) to Streptococcus mutans is in the concentration of 12,5%. Keywords : leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae L.), Streptococcus mutans, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), caries. ABSTRAK Karies merupakan salah satu penyakit gigi dan mulut yang sering dialami oleh penduduk Indonesia. Karies adalah suatu penyakit jaringan keras gigi, yaitu email, dentin dan sementum, yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas suatu jasad renik dalam suatu karbohidrat yang dapat diragikan. Streptococcus mutans diketahui merupakan bakteri penyebab utama timbulnya karies gigi. Ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri, yaitu flavonoid, fenol, steroid, dan terpenoid. Sebuah penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Bontjura dkk pada tahun 2015 di Manado membuktikan bahwa ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) dapat menghambat bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Randomized Pretest-Posstest Control Group Design. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode serial dilusi dengan metode pengujian turbidimetri dan spektrofotometri. Daun leilem diperoldeh di daerah Paniki, Kecamatan Mapanget, dan diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Bakteri Streptococcus mutans diambil dari stok bakteri murni Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun leilem (Clerodendrum minahassae L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans yaitu pada konsentrasi 12,5%