Feature Dependencies in Automotive Software Systems: Extent, Awareness, and Refactoring

Many automotive companies consider their software development process to be feature-oriented. In the past, features were regarded as isolated system parts developed and tested by developers from different departments. However, in modern vehicles, features are more and more connected and their behavior depends on each other in many situations. In this article, we describe how feature-oriented software development is conducted in automotive companies and which challenges arise from that. We present an empirical analysis of feature dependencies in three real-world automotive systems. The analysis shows that features in modern vehicles are highly interdependent. Furthermore, the study reveals that developers are not aware of these dependencies in most cases. For the three examined cases, we show that less than 12% of the components in the system architecture are responsible for more than 90% of the feature dependencies. Finally, we propose a refactoring approach for implicit communal components, which makes them explicit by moving them to a dedicated platform component layer

Law as Design: Objects, Concepts and Digital Things

This Article initiates an account of “things” in the law, including both conceptual things and material things. Human relationships matter to the design of law. Yet things matter too. To an increasing extent, and particularly via the advent of digital technology, those relationships are not only considered ex post by the law but are designed into things, ex ante, by their producers. This development has a number of important dimensions. Some are familiar, such as the reification of conceptual things as material things, so that computer software is treated as a good. Others are new, such as the characterization of material things as conceptual things, so that digital goods become licensable. The regulatory consequences of the thing are increasingly built into the construction of the thing. These developments appear to be poised to envelop things beyond the digital sphere. It may no longer be apt to divide the world cleanly into conceptual and material objects. “Things” combine features of both. As a result, they can no longer be viewed solely as passive backgrounds against which relation-based legal analysis unfolds. To ensure that society maintains the ability to regulate as broadly as it deems legitimate, law must account for the creation and design of the “things” that increasingly dominate developments across a variety of legal domains, from intellectual property law to antitrust law to commercial law. The Article describes how things exercise the authority that characterizes classic legal regulation, and it reviews the different mechanisms that legal institutions have used to recognize and differentiate things. Understanding those mechanisms is a step toward appreciating the nature of the regulatory landscape in which both legal institutions and individuals exist

The formulation of public policy framework : encouraging effective collaboration within the electric bus research and manufacturing cluster to accelerate the adoption of electric buses in Thailand

The automotive industry is considered one of the largest sources of revenue for Thailand. However, with the recent acceleration of electric vehicle’s technological development around the world, the Thai government was concerned that the domestic automotive sector might be at risk of losing its competitive edge since the whole supply chain in the automotive industry is centred around products based on the research and manufacturing of internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, the Electric Vehicles Committee of Thailand was formed by the government to support and promote the transition of the automotive industry towards an electric vehicles economy. However, the complexity and sheer size of the Thai automotive industry; both in terms of the supply chain of physical products and the amount of information being exchanged among public and private stakeholders have made the adoption process of public policies extremely strenuous. This research aims to facilitate and quicken the process by designing a policy framework for the adoption of public policies within a smaller segment of the electric bus industry and use it as a possible model for the development of the Thai electric vehicles industry in the future. This framework consisted of integrated tools and concepts from engineering management perspective, combined with the data which was collected from the researchers, manufacturers, and stakeholders in Thailand. The main objective of the framework is to assist the initial stage of public policies initiation in electric bus research, manufacturing, and requisition, which will ultimately cultivate the development of the electric bus manufacturing industry in Thailand. Moreover, this policy framework could also be applied to other segments of public policy, or even in the formulation of operational strategy in both public and private organisations.The automotive industry is considered one of the largest sources of revenue for Thailand. However, with the recent acceleration of electric vehicle’s technological development around the world, the Thai government was concerned that the domestic automotive sector might be at risk of losing its competitive edge since the whole supply chain in the automotive industry is centred around products based on the research and manufacturing of internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, the Electric Vehicles Committee of Thailand was formed by the government to support and promote the transition of the automotive industry towards an electric vehicles economy. However, the complexity and sheer size of the Thai automotive industry; both in terms of the supply chain of physical products and the amount of information being exchanged among public and private stakeholders have made the adoption process of public policies extremely strenuous. This research aims to facilitate and quicken the process by designing a policy framework for the adoption of public policies within a smaller segment of the electric bus industry and use it as a possible model for the development of the Thai electric vehicles industry in the future. This framework consisted of integrated tools and concepts from engineering management perspective, combined with the data which was collected from the researchers, manufacturers, and stakeholders in Thailand. The main objective of the framework is to assist the initial stage of public policies initiation in electric bus research, manufacturing, and requisition, which will ultimately cultivate the development of the electric bus manufacturing industry in Thailand. Moreover, this policy framework could also be applied to other segments of public policy, or even in the formulation of operational strategy in both public and private organisations

Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments

This book presents the collection of fifty papers which were presented in the Second International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY 2011 - Management, Technology and Learning for Individuals, Organisations and Society in Turbulent Environments , held in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, from 22ndto 24thof June, 2011.The main motive of the meeting was growing awareness of the importance of the sustainability issue. This importance had emerged from the growing uncertainty of the market behaviour that leads to the characterization of the market, i.e. environment, as turbulent. Actually, the characterization of the environment as uncertain and turbulent reflects the fact that the traditional technocratic and/or socio-technical approaches cannot effectively and efficiently lead with the present situation. In other words, the rise of the sustainability issue means the quest for new instruments to deal with uncertainty and/or turbulence. The sustainability issue has a complex nature and solutions are sought in a wide range of domains and instruments to achieve and manage it. The domains range from environmental sustainability (referring to natural environment) through organisational and business sustainability towards social sustainability. Concerning the instruments for sustainability, they range from traditional engineering and management methodologies towards “soft” instruments such as knowledge, learning, and creativity. The papers in this book address virtually whole sustainability problems space in a greater or lesser extent. However, although the uncertainty and/or turbulence, or in other words the dynamic properties, come from coupling of management, technology, learning, individuals, organisations and society, meaning that everything is at the same time effect and cause, we wanted to put the emphasis on business with the intention to address primarily companies and their businesses. Due to this reason, the main title of the book is “Business Sustainability 2.0” but with the approach of coupling Management, Technology and Learning for individuals, organisations and society in Turbulent Environments. Also, the notation“2.0” is to promote the publication as a step further from our previous publication – “Business Sustainability I” – as would be for a new version of software. Concerning the Second International Conference on BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, its particularity was that it had served primarily as a learning environment in which the papers published in this book were the ground for further individual and collective growth in understanding and perception of sustainability and capacity for building new instruments for business sustainability. In that respect, the methodology of the conference work was basically dialogical, meaning promoting dialog on the papers, but also including formal paper presentations. In this way, the conference presented a rich space for satisfying different authors’ and participants’ needs. Additionally, promoting the widest and global learning environment and participation, in accordance with the Conference's assumed mission to promote Proactive Generative Collaborative Learning, the Conference Organisation shares/puts open to the community the papers presented in this book, as well as the papers presented on the previous Conference(s). These papers can be accessed from the conference webpage (http://labve.dps.uminho.pt/bs11). In these terms, this book could also be understood as a complementary instrument to the Conference authors’ and participants’, but also to the wider readerships’ interested in the sustainability issues. The book brought together 107 authors from 11 countries, namely from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Switzerland, and United States of America. The authors “ranged” from senior and renowned scientists to young researchers providing a rich and learning environment. At the end, the editors hope, and would like, that this book to be useful, meeting the expectation of the authors and wider readership and serving for enhancing the individual and collective learning, and to incentive further scientific development and creation of new papers. Also, the editors would use this opportunity to announce the intention to continue with new editions of the conference and subsequent editions of accompanying books on the subject of BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY, the third of which is planned for year 2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ICS Materials. Towards a re-Interpretation of material qualities through interactive, connected, and smart materials.

The domain of materials for design is changing under the influence of an increased technological advancement, miniaturization and democratization. Materials are becoming connected, augmented, computational, interactive, active, responsive, and dynamic. These are ICS Materials, an acronym that stands for Interactive, Connected and Smart. While labs around the world are experimenting with these new materials, there is the need to reflect on their potentials and impact on design. This paper is a first step in this direction: to interpret and describe the qualities of ICS materials, considering their experiential pattern, their expressive sensorial dimension, and their aesthetic of interaction. Through case studies, we analyse and classify these emerging ICS Materials and identified common characteristics, and challenges, e.g. the ability to change over time or their programmability by the designers and users. On that basis, we argue there is the need to reframe and redesign existing models to describe ICS materials, making their qualities emerge

Sustainability in design: now! Challenges and opportunities for design research, education and practice in the XXI century

Copyright @ 2010 Greenleaf PublicationsLeNS project funded by the Asia Link Programme, EuropeAid, European Commission

Adaptation of domestic state governance to international governance models

The purpose of the article is to provide the evolving international trends of modern management models and authorial vision of model of state governance system in Ukraine, its subsystems, in particular, the system of provision of administrative services that is appropriate for the contemporary times. Methodology. On the basis of scientific and theoretical approaches to the definitions of terms “state governance” and “public governance”, there was an explanation of considerable difference between them and, taking into consideration, the mentality of Ukrainian society and peculiar weak side in self-organization, the authors offered to form authorial model of governance on the basis of historically traditional for Ukraine model of state governance and to add some elements of management concepts that proved their significance, efficiency and priority in practice. Results. The authors emphasized the following two prevailing modern management models in the international practice: “new state management” and “good governance”. The first concept offered for consideration served as a basis for the semantic content of state activity that reflects more the state of administrative reformation. Practical meaning. A practical introduction of management to the domestic model of governance creates the range of contradictions that do not allow implementing herein concept. Pursuant to authors, the second one allows in considerable measure to reform state governance, considering historically developed peculiarities of this model. Moreover, the involvement of concept herein into introduction of informational and communicational technologies in the process of governance eliminates the necessity of power decentralization, it allows to form real net structure and, at the same, to keep vertical power structure, to involve citizens for formation and taking of management decisions, to form electronic communicational channel of feedback, to provide citizens with electronic administrative services. All indicated advantages of the concept certify about the necessity to reform state governance exactly in this field. Meaning/ Distinction. This article raises a question about the significance of formation and sequence of state policy in Ukraine aimed at creating an information-oriented society, space, as well as informational and technological infrastructure

Net structure of subject-to-subject relations in the management of the system of administrative services provision

The purpose of the work is to form the net structure of management of the system of administrative services provision on the basis of implementation of subject-to-subject interactions between state sector and civil society. Methodology. The methodology basis for the investigation is the abstract-logical analysis of theoretical and methodological backgrounds for management of relations and interactions. For the theoretical generalization and formation of net structure, there are used scientific recommendations of Ukrainian scientists regarding the necessity to implement subject-to-subject relations in the system of administrative services provision. Results. The investigations allowed confirming that the hierarchical structure of the state governance system does not give an opportunity to implement equal interaction between a subject of provision and a subject of an appeal as these relations have one – way communication and the feedback channel has a formal character. Moreover, the civil society is not considered by state sector to be a source of methods and ways to develop the system of state governance, in particular, the management system of administrative services provision. Practical meaning. The net structure of management will allow implementing the subject-subject relations in the system, under which the actions of the subject of provision – that means state sector – will be directed to the realization of rights and interests of the subjects of appeal. In their turn, apart from the performance of all legislative responsibilities that they should perform, they can carry out activities directed to the development of management activity in the system of administrative services provision and the whole system of state governance as an integral system of management. Meaning/Distinction. The provided model of the net structure will allow involving citizens in the processes of state governance and increasing the impact of the civil sector during the making of state and management decisions and, as a result, to confirm subject-to-subject positions in the relations

Inward and Outward FDI Country Profiles, Second Edition

This second edition contains a series of 77 standardized country profiles dealing with the inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) performance of 40 economies. The profiles have been peer-reviewed by a global network of experts. The publication is intended to contribute to the analysis of trends in foreign direct investment and policy issues related to them. More specifically, the individual profiles discuss FDI trends and developments (country-level developments, the corporate players); effects of the recent global crises; and the policy scene. Each profile contains a standard set of tables, including on FDI stocks and flows, sectoral and geographical FDI distributions, the largest M&As and greenfield investments, the principal foreign affiliates (for inward FDI), and the principal multinational enterprises (for outward FDI). The standardized template used to produce the profiles allows cross-country comparisons. The volume is meant to be a reference tool for anyone interested in foreign direct investment

A study in product-service systems strategies

Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-124) and index of companies, products, and services.What are examples of successful companies innovating in services to create Product- Service Systems that can command a price that exceeds the cost of capital and enhance, protect, or replace the core products? After a brief literature review and discussion of the challenges of classifying and defining services and how they are related to products, this thesis provides a series of brief case studies looking at how companies construct a services strategy that complements, strengthens, or replaces their product strategy. Service-centric offerings are categorized into three primary types: product-based (e.g. customization or repair), information-based (e.g. telematics), and value-based (e.g. financing, leasing, or utilities). The thesis focuses on positive examples, but some negative examples are also presented. Summary conclusions on the nature and elements of successful product-services strategy are also presented. Primary research tools are corporate annual reports, SEC 10-K (and other) filings, corporate websites, the Internet, and business research tools like Orvis, Hoovers, and Lexis-Nexis. The thesis studies mainly (but not exclusively) publically traded US-based companies with a strong emphasis on the automotive, heavy machinery, and information technology sectors.by Mark D. Moran.S.M.in Engineering and Managemen