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    Focusing on Openness of Government Information

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๊น€๋‹ค์šธ.์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ (informed citizenry)์ด ์ „์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ „์ œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์ •ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋“ค์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ๋™์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์ด์ž ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™ํƒœ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์š”์ธ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ -์กฐ์ง-ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ(Technology-Organization-Environment Framework)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ 228๊ฐœ (๊ธฐ์ดˆ 226๊ฐœ, ์„ธ์ข…, ์ œ์ฃผ ํฌํ•จ) ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ (1) ํ–‰์ •๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” (2) ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์…‹ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์š”์ธ(์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž์›, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜์ค€), ์กฐ์ง ์š”์ธ(์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ์žฌ์ • ์ž๋ฆฝ๋„, ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ), ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์ธ(์ง€์—ญ ์ •์น˜์˜ํ–ฅ- ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐ๋„, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์™€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ง€์—ญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์˜ํ–ฅ- ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋ฒ•์ œํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ- ์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ •์—ฌ๋ถ€)์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง€์—ญ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋†๊ฐ€์ธ๊ตฌ ๋น„์œจ, ์—ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 5๊ฐœ๋…„ ํŒจ๋„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋Š” ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต์ฐจ๋ชจํ˜•(spatial lag model)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํŒจ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ(์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ)์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ(์ง„๋ณด), ICT์ธ๋ ฅ, ์žฌ์ •์ž๋ฆฝ๋„(์ด์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์š”์ธ), ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(๋ฏผ์› ์ œ๊ธฐ), ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ๋ก€ ์ œ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ธ์ ‘์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(์ด์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ–‰์ •ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋น„์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์™€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ท„๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ–‰์ •์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์กฐ๋ก€์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์กฐ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ •๋˜์–ด์žˆ์„ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํ™•์‚ฐํšจ๊ณผ(spill-over)์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์žฌ์ •์ž๋ฆฝ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ž๋ฆฝ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถค์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ด๋“(incentives) ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ค‘์•™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํฐ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์…‹ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ •๋ณดํ™”๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ(์ด์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์š”์ธ), ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ(์ด์ƒ ์กฐ์ง ์™ธ๋ถ€์š”์ธ)์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ”ˆ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ™œ์šฉ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋”์šฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์‹œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ ฅ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ „์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ, ๋น„์‹๋ณ„ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ(๋ฏผ์› ์ œ๊ธฐ)์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ง€์—ญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์—๋„ ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํ™•์‚ฐํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” โ€œ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€โ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•Œ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” 2009๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ธก์ •์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, TOE ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ TOEN ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ •๋ณด๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์˜๋„์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ™œ๋™ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜์ค€(์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ)์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ ์‹ค์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ํ˜น์€ ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ˜น์€ ๊ถŒ์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์›๋ฌธ๊ณต๊ฐœ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ํ–‰์ •๋ ฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง€์›์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์„ ์žฌ๊ต์œกํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์š”์ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์— ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์ •๋ ฅ ์†Œ์š”๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ์ง„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.One important underlying condition of a properly functioning local democracy is an informed citizenry, which can be satisfied when the active opening of government information is possible. In many countries, central governments have led initiatives to promote the release of government information and data in public organizations, including local governments. However, despite the central governmentโ€™s efforts, local governmentsโ€™ level of openness varies greatly. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on this variation at the local level and attempts to identify the determinants of openness of government information (OGI). A review of the OGI-related literature found several research gaps. Firstly, most OGI studies have emphasized the external influence of local government in explaining the determinants of OGI. Accordingly, overlooked is the importance of the internal force of local governments in OGI. Secondly, the literature recognizes the importance of local citizens but has failed to empirically verify their impact on OGI in local governments. Thirdly, previous literature fails to consider the dynamic policy environment at the local level. The extant literature neglected spatial attributes of local governments and has yet to address the possibility of interactions among neighboring local governments on OGI. To fill these gaps in the literature, this study establishes and verifies a TOEN framework based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. For analysis, the author collected a five-year panel data (2015โ€“2019) of Korean local governments (226 lower-level governments, Sejong, and Jeju). The author measured the OGI, this dissertationโ€™s dependent variable, with the disclosure rate of administrative documents (DRAD) and the number of open data sets. The empirical analysis was performed through two models for each of the two dependent variables. First, comprises technology-related factors (technical capacity, information communication technology (ICT)-related resource, and the technology utilization planning level of government), organization factors (government size, financial autonomy, and political ideology of the governmentโ€™s leaders), and environmental factors (influence from local politics, a local election year, political competition, influence from local citizens, organized local citizens, and individual citizens, and local legislation). Panel linear regression with the fixed-effects model is employed to verify the influence of these factors. Next, validates the impact of neighboring local governments. includes all the variables in and also uses a panel spatial regression (spatial lag model) with fixed effects as an estimation method. The findings for each dependent variable are summarized as follows. First, in terms of the opening internal administrative activities (DRAD), the political ideology of the government leader, information communication technology (ICT) personnel, financial capability, political competition, citizensโ€™ voice (complaints), related local ordinance, and interaction between adjacent governments were significant. Notably, the DRAD is determined within the relational dynamics between local government and external actors. Local governments raise the openness level when their local political condition is favorable and decrease openness when facing unfavorable political pressure. For example, when political competition with local councils is high, and citizensโ€™ voices are high, DRAD is lowered. These findings show that local governments still exert control over their administrative information and seem to make strategic adjustments according to their political interests. On the other hand, the enactment of the local ordinance related to openness and the influence of neighboring governments positively affected the DRAD. The spatial interaction between local governments regarding the DRAD shows the possibility of a regional spill-over effect on the OGI. Among internal factors, the local government with a progressive government leader and lower financial capability actively discloses their internal administrative documents. As for the opening of public data sets that provide opportunities for citizens to participate, the technical capacity, plan for technology utilization, government size, citizensโ€™ voice, and interaction between neighboring governments were the significant determinants. Unlike the DRAD model, the effects of internal drivers are quite apparent in this model. In particular, the influences of technology-related factors are prominent. The local government with higher technical capacity and higher willingness to utilize technology in the organization are actively opening their public data to the public. Moreover, government size measured with the number of public officials positively affects the opening data. This finding implies that opening public data can accompany a certain level of administrative capacity. The local governments open more data when confronted by more citizensโ€™ voices, interpreted to mean that local governments provide open data to collaboratively address such dissatisfaction employing the local communitiesโ€™ capability. Similar to the DRAD model, the open data model identified the positive influence of neighboring governments. If local media shared the excellent performance of open data of neighboring governments, local government could be positively stimulated. These results have the following theoretical implications. First, this study conceptualized and measured two dimensions of โ€œopen government.โ€ In particular, this dissertation encompasses the core concept of the โ€œold open governmentโ€ paradigm centered on transparency and right-to-know and the core concept of the โ€œnew open governmentโ€ centered on citizen participation and collaboration. This study investigated the two concepts measured in hard data. Second, this research examined and verified systematic contexts that explain OGI at the local level. Third, the TOEN framework for the local open government, expanded from the TOE framework, filled the research gaps in the open government literature. The TOEN framework contains the influence of local citizens and neighboring governments mentioned in previous studies as limitations or for future study. Fourth, this study illuminated the role of local government as an active actor in opening government information, revealing local governmentsโ€™ strategic actions and intentional efforts to raise openness of government information. Policy implications derived from the findings are as follows. To increase the level of opening the internal administrative process of local government, consider the following measures can. First, local government needs to introduce stricter management on DRAD. The performance of local governmentsโ€™ DRAD can be reflected in the annual local government assessment so that they are provided advantages or disadvantages depending on their opening level. Second, the group subject classification to the current local governmentโ€™s information disclosure evaluation should be by region. Through this, the effect of spatial interaction between local governments on OGI can be maximized. Third, based on the key determinants from the results of this study, the areas need to be continuously monitored where the expectation is that DRAD is low. To promote data openness that can enhance citizen participation, the study suggests the following measures. First, provide technical support or retraining public officials to small local governments. Second, streamline the workload for filtering personal information and copyright issues when opening public data. Third, consistently publicize open data performance and share best practices for open data at the local level.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Backgrounds and Purpose of This Dissertation 1 1.2. The Scope and Method of This Research 7 1.2.1. Research Subject and Scope 7 1.2.2. Research Method 8 1.3. Plan of This Study 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical Backgrounds and Literature Review 11 2.1. Openness of Government Information: Conceptual Definition and Backgrounds 11 2.1.1. Defining Government Information 11 2.1.2. Defining Government Openness: From the Open Government Perspective 14 2.1.3. Definition of Openness of Government Information in This Dissertation 25 2.2. Expected Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.1. Positive Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.2. Negative Effects of Openness of Government Information 30 2.3. What Factors Make Governments Open Their Information? 33 2.3.1. Related Theories 33 2.3.2. Prior Studies of Openness of Government Information 46 2.4. Openness of Government Information in Local Government Context 57 2.4.1. Local Government as a Social Actor 57 2.4.2. Institutional Contexts of Korean Local Governments 61 2.4.3. Relatively Neglected Influences on OGI at the Local Level 70 2.5. Summary and Review 75 2.5.1. Summary 75 2.5.2. The Limitations of Prior Studies and Significance of This Research 77 Chapter 3. Methodology 81 3.1. Research Framework 81 3.2. Research Hypotheses 88 3.2.1. Technology-related Factors 88 3.2.2. Organization Factors 91 3.2.3. Environmental Factors 95 3.2.4. Neighboring Government Factor 101 3.3. Measurements and Data Collection 104 3.3.1. Dependent Variables 104 3.3.2. Independent Variables 107 3.3.3. Control Variables 115 3.4. Analysis Plan 119 3.4.1. Model 1: Panel Linear Regression Analysis 119 3.4.2. Model 2: Panel Spatial Regression Analysis 121 Chapter 4. Results 124 4.1. Descriptive Statistics 124 4.1.1. Disclosure Rate of Administrative Documents (DRAD) 145 4.1.2. The Number of Open Data Sets 130 4.1.3. Descriptive Statistics for Independent variables 135 4.2. Determinants of DRAD 143 4.2.1. Results of 143 4.2.2. Results of 148 4.2.3. Summary and Discussion 152 4.3. Determinants of Open Data 156 4.3.1. Results of 156 4.3.2. Results of 160 4.3.3. Summary and Discussion 164 Chapter 5. Conclusion 168 5.1. Summary of This Dissertation 168 5.2. Theoretical and Policy Implications 172 5.3. Limitations and Directions for Future Study 178 Bibliography 180 Appendix 212 Abstract in Korean 214๋ฐ•

    Actor-Network Theory ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์ž์ •๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ง„ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์•ˆ์ค‘ํ˜ธ.ABSTRACT The Evolution of Korean e-Government in the Perspective of Actor-Network Theory Sulim Kim College of Business Administration Seoul National University In these days, as technologies has developed, it has changed our lives in everywhere. There is no exception for a nation. Since Information Technology (IT) was a criterion for deciding the national competiveness, it has been considered as a catalyst for the rapid growth in the knowledge information society. As a result, a government uses IT as a tool for accomplishing the national goal. E-Government is an effective tool to improve effectiveness, to elevate the quality of public service, and to promote active public participation in governance. (The Korean Association for Policy Studies, 2011) In order to accomplish the intended goal of e-Government, the Korean government has evolved its services and made considerable efforts. In this study, it shows the evolution of Korean e-Government services in details by using the lens of Actor-Network Theory. ANT considers that human and non-human actors are same and equal factors in its analytical view (Lee & Oh, 2006). Thus, this study focuses on the network between human actors (i.e. president and administrations) and non-human actors (i.e. law, standard and relay system). However, due to the strategy of top-down in the assimilation of Korean e-Government system, it caused the inequality between the central agencies. That is, ANT has the limitation in explaining the public sector cases in terms of the imbalance between actors. According to Naidoo (2009), Walsham (2001) made a valuable contribution by combining ANT and ST theories in the same cases, using ST to guide broader social analysis, and ANT to describe the detailed socio-technical processes that took place. Thus, this study decides to adopt Structuration Theory to overcome the shortage of ANT. This study involved six in-depth interviews with the key actors in the case of Korean e-Government. These interviews were conducted in face-to-face with audio recording from October 22, 2014 to November 20, 2014, and they progressed with specific and open-ended questions. The interviews with the key actors provided the overview of the evolution of Korean e-Government services process and meaningful insights on the success of e-Government in Korea. This case demonstrates that cases in public sector can adopt not only Actor-Network Theory, but also Structuration Theory to explain in both micro and macro contexts. Practical implications are given especially for developing countries in pursuing the rapid development process of Korean e-Government services. Keywords: Korean e-Government, Actor-Network Theory, Structuration Theory, Law, Standard, Relay system. Student ID Number: 2013-20463TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLES III LIST OF FIGURES IV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5 2.1. Actor Network Theory 5 2.2 Limitations of Actor Network Theory 9 2.3. Structuration Theory 13 2.4 Standard 17 2.5 Technology Standard in Information System 19 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 23 CHAPTER 4 CASE: THE EVOLUTION OF KOREAN E-GOVERNMENT 25 4.1 Problematization (Establishment Stage: 1987 ~ 1996) 25 4.2 Domination (Promotion Stage: 1997 ~ 2002) 30 4.3 Enrollment (Advanced Stage: 2003 ~ 2009) 38 4.4 Moblization (Advanced Stage: 2010 ~ 2014) 46 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 50 5.1 Findings 50 5.2 Implications and Limitations 52 REFERENCES 54 APPENDIX: PROCEDURE STANDARD IN KOREAN E-GOVERNMENT 65Maste

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    Critical Information Infrastructure

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ†ต์ƒ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์‹ ์„ฑํ˜ธ.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ณต๊ณต, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋Šฅํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ๊ฒ€๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค(governance) ๊ด€์ ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ •๋ณด์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ •๋ณด์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ์„  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ์˜์˜, ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์š”๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํ‚น์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ด€์ ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์‹คํƒœ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„์•ˆ๋ณด ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Koreas national cybersecurity governance system is characterized by high levels of fragmentation and instability, unable to form coherent national-level response to increasingly sophisticated and devastating cyber attacks, with the public, private and military sector each struggling to provide for its own cybersecurity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contemporary situation and underlying problems of South Koreas national cybersecurity in the area of critical information infrastructure from the governance perspective, then suggest relevant policy measures to bolster cybersecurity of critical information infrastructure. In order to fulfill the objective, this paper first examines the theories pertinent to the concept and emergence of the governance perspective in the disciplines of social science. Then, the components of governance and the requirements for successful governance are explored in order to establish the dimensions of analysis. Subsequently, the paper undertakes a case study of the U.S. cybersecurity governance system to draw relevant policy implications. The following chapter examines the contemporary situation and underlying problems of South Koreas cybersecurity governance, in accordance with the five dimensions of the governance system. This paper concludes with policy suggestions to consolidate a stable and sustainable cybersecurity governance system in Korea.CHAPTER I. Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Purpose and Research Questions 5 CHAPTER II. Theoretical Underpinning and Research Design 2.1 Theoretical Underpinning 8 1) Cybersecurity 8 2) Critical Infrastructure or Critical National Infrastructure 9 3) Critical Information Infrastructure 11 4) Emergence of Governance Perspective 12 5) Conceptualizing Governance 14 6) Governance Capacity and Good Governance 17 7) Conditions for Governance Formation 18 8) Requirements for Successful Governance 19 2.2. Literature Review 22 1) Literatures on Regional and Global Cybersecurity Governance 22 2) Literatures on Cybersecurity Governance in South Korea 24 3) Common Limitations of Precedent Studies 27 2.3 Research Method: Document Research and Case Study 28 2.4 Rationale for U.S. Cybersecurity Governance as Case Study 32 2.5 Dimensions of Analysis 33 CHAPTER III. The Cybersecurity Governance System of the United States 3.1 An Overview of Cybersecurity Legislation and Policies in the U.S. 35 3.2 Legal and Institutional Systems: Roles and Responsibilities 43 3.3 Federal Cybersecurity Budget 45 3.4 Public-Private Partnership: Critical Infrastructure Sector Partnership 47 3.5 Federal Cybersecurity Monitoring and Evaluation Systems 51 CHAPTER IV. An Analysis of South Koreas National Cybersecurity Governance System on Critical Information Infrastructure 4.1 An Overview of South Koreas National Cybersecurity Challenges 53 4.2 An Analysis of the Cybersecurity Governance System of South Korea 57 1) Legal and Institutional Systems 57 2) Administrative System for Critical Information Infrastructure 67 3) Finance and Budget Systems 76 4) Public-Private Partnership 79 5) Monitoring and Evaluation Systems 81 CHAPTER V. Policy Measures to Consolidate the National Cybersecurity Governance System in South Korea 5.1 Policy Suggestions to Consolidate the Cybersecurity Governance System 1) Legal and Institutional Systems 84 2) Administrative System 86 3) Finance and Budget Systems 90 4) Public-Private Partnership 92 5) Monitoring and Evaluation Systems 95 5.2 Engineering Cyber Resilient Governance 101 CHAPTER VI. Conclusion ย ย ย ย ย  ย 6.1 Conclusion and Implications 105 ย ย ย ย ย  ย 6.2. Future Avenues of Research 109 Bibliography 110Maste

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    Discourses of civil society in South Korea

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