Investigations of the Swamp and Water Vegetation in the Lowland Woods of Slavonia (Croatia)

The swamps occupy about 5 per cent of the lowland area of Croatia and present a relatively difficult problem from the economic and forestry standpoint. Since swamp vegetation is closely connected with the development of different wood communities, we considered it useful to investigate this type of vegetation. The results of investigations show that the swamp vegetation of the lowland area of Croatia is very distinct and can be classified into 3 classes, 5 orders, 6 alliances, and 10 associations. The classes are Lemnetea, Potametea and Phragmitetea. The most spread communities belong to the class Phragmitetea with the orders Phragmitetalia, Nasturtio-Glycerietalia and Magnocaricetalia. The association Glycerietum maximae (order Phragmitetalia) and the association Caricetum ripariae (order Magnocaricetalia) have not been described for Croatia so far, as we are informed from available literature. Detailed knowledge of this type of vegetation could be a contribution in the efforts to cultivate this, now infertile area

Limnogēno purvu veģetācija Latvijā

Advisor: Pakalne, MāraAtšķirībā no tām Eiropas valstīm, kur veģetācijas pētījumi ir pabeigti un apkopoti, Latvijā veģetācijas izpēte, tai skaitā purvu veģetācijas izpēte, nav pabeigta, un tāpēc šī pētījuma mērķis ir sagatavot Latvijas limnogēno purvu sintaksonu sarakstu. The aim of the study is to preparē the syntaxonomical structure of limnogenous mires of Latvia

Phytosociological studies on rich fen systems in England and Wales

The thesis presents an attempt to detect, define and characterise, on the basis of their floristic composition, the principal types of rich fen vegetation in lowland England and Wales. Some 1,000 samples were taken from a wide variety of rich fen systems throughout England and Wales and from one area in S. Scotland, by a subjective procedure based upon stand selection. A computer-based system was developed to handle these data combining both numerical and traditional (Zurich-Montpellier) methods of analysis. The dataware processed by normal and inverse Information Analysis in. conjunction with a computer-assisted hand-sorting routine leading to the production of structured species-sample tables. One hundred and eight noda were identified and described and compared with related units recognised from Britain and N.W. Europe. Sixty eight were arranged into 11 Associations of which 4 represent new syntaxa. The remainder were placed into sociations or left as noda of uncertain status. The communities were all classified into higher syntaxa essentially following the scheme advocated by WESTHOFF & DEN HELD (1969). The Classes and Alliances used to contain the communities are: Phragmitetea Phragmition reedswamp communities Magnocaricion tall growing sedge and reed fen vegetation of topogenous mire Parvocaricetea Caricion davallianae low-growing sedge vegetation of calcareous mire Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Calthion palustric fen meadow vegetation Molinion caerulea Molinia-dominated fen grassland Filipendulion species-poor, tall herbaceous vegetation of eutrophic mires Franguletea Salicion cinereae fen scrub communities Alnetea glutinosae Alnion glutinosae alder carr vegetation The new associations described are the Peucedano- Calamagrostietum canescentis of the Magnocaricion; the Schoeneto-Juncetum subnodulosi of the Caricion davallianae; and the Cropido-Salicetum pentandrae and the Betulo-Dryopteridetum cristatae, both of the Franguletea. A short account of the occurance of rich fen systems in lowland England and Wales is given. A brief discussion of the rich fen cirlce of vegetation in lowland England and Wales is also given

A phytosociological-ecological study of marshland vegetation (Phragmitetea communis R. TX. et Preising 1942) in the central Balkans

Prvi zapisi o florističkom sastavu, ekologiji i distribuciji močvarne vegetacije centralnog Balkana postali su dostupni naučnoj javnosti početkom XX veka. Višedecenijsko razdoblje, od prvih godina prošlog veka do danas, obeležila su sporadična i fragmentarna proučavanja ovog vegetacijskog tipa. Mnogobrojna staništa obrasla zajednicama trski i visokih oštrica, rasprostranjena u nizijskim, brdskim i planinskim predelima centralnog Balkana, ostala su neistražena kako sa fitocenološkog, tako i ekološkog aspekta. U cilju obogaćivanja saznanja o kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu vrsta, distribuciji, sezonskoj varijabilnosti i ekologiji močvarnih fitocenoza centralnog Balkana izvršeno je istraživanje, do sada, neproučavanih staništa smeštenih na teritoriji slivnog područja Južne Morave. Realizacijom pomenutog istraživanja stvorena je adekvatna osnova za postavljanje i realizaciju glavnih ciljeva ove studije, među kojima su: utvrđivanje sintaksonomskih odnosa u okviru vegetacijske klase Phragmitetea communis, razmatranje mogućnosti predlaganja uniformnog vremena uzorkovanja močvarnih fitocenoza, definisanje bioindikatorskog potencijala pojedinih makrofita (statistički značajnih indikatorskih vrsta proučavanih fitocenoza) na osnovu prikupljenih informacija o njihovim ekološkim afinitetima u pogledu fizičko-hemijskih osobina vode i supstrata. Primenom hijerarhijske klasifikacione analize na setu podataka koji objedinjuje, do sada, nepublikovane fitocenološke snimke zabeležene na proučavanom području i fitocenološke snimke preuzete iz literaturnih izvora ustanovljeno je da močvarnu vegetaciju centralnog Balkana odlikuje izuzetna raznovrsnost asocijacija. Na osnovu razlika u kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom sastavu taksona, prepoznato je i opisano 27 asocijacija, Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum latifoliae, Typhetum domingensis, Phragmitetum australis, Schoenoplectetum lacustris, Glycerietum maximae, Equisetetum limosi, Glycerietum fluitantis, Glycerietum notatae, Sparganietum erecti, Oenantho aquaticae-Rorippetum amphibiae, Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Eleocharietum palustris, Butometum umbellati, Bolboschoenetum glauci, Caricetum gracillis, Caricetum ripariae, Caricetum vulpinae, Caricetum rostrato-vesicariae, Cyperetum longi, Caricetum elatae, Cladietum marisci, Caricetum paniculatae, Caricetum acutiformis, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale, Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani i Oenantho fistulosae-Beckmannietum eruciformis, u okviru 5 vegetacijskih redova i 7 sveza vegetacijske klase Phragmitetea communis...The first records of the floristic composition, ecology and distribution of marshland vegetation in the Central Balkans became available for the scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century. From then until the present day there has only been a sporadic and fragmentary study of this vegetation type. Numerous habitats covered by reed and tall sedge communities, spread on the plain, hilly and mountainous terrain of the Central Balkan Peninsula, remain unexplored from their phytocoenological and ecological aspects. In order to enrich the current knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative species composition, distribution, seasonal variation and ecology of the marshland communities of the Central Balkans, research was conducted on the unstudied habitats located in the South Morava river basin. To carry out the research, an adequate basis for setting up and implementing the main goals of this study was created, including: determining the syntaxonomical relationships within the vegetation class Phragmitetea communis; considering the possibility of proposing a uniform time for sampling marshland communities; and defining the bioindicator potential of some macrophytes (statistically significant indicator species in these communities) based on information collected about their ecological preferences in terms of the physicоchemical properties of the water and substrate. By applying hierarchical classification analysis to a data set that combines so far unpublished relevés recorded in the study area and relevés taken from literature sources, it was established that the marshland vegetation of the Central Balkans is characterized by an exceptional variety of associations. On the basis of differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the species, 27 associations were recognized and described, Typhetum angustifoliae, Typhetum latifoliae, Typhetum domingensis, Phragmitetum australis, Schoenoplectetum lacustris, Glycerietum maximae, Equisetetum limosi, Glycerietum fluitantis, Glycerietum notatae, Sparganietum erecti, Oenantho aquaticae-Rorippetum amphibiae, Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Eleocharietum palustris, Butometum umbellati, Bolboschoenetum glauci, Caricetum gracillis, Caricetum ripariae, Caricetum vulpinae, Caricetum rostrato-vesicariae, Cyperetum longi, Caricetum elatae, Cladietum marisci, Caricetum paniculatae, Caricetum acutiformis, Bolboschoenetum maritimi continentale, Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani and Oenantho fistulosae-Beckmannietum eruciformis, within 5 orders and 7 alliances in the vegetation class Phragmitetea communis..

Vegetation of grassland, moor and swamp habitats in National Park Plitvice Lakes

Nacionalni parka Plitvička jezera smješten je u unutrašnjosti gorske Hrvatske (oko 60 km zračne udaljenosti od mora), između visokih obronaka masiva Male Kapele na jugozapadu i Ličke Plješivice na sjeveroistoku. To je izrazito krško područje sa slojevima vapnenca i dolomita, te nizom krških obilježja koja su posebno izražena u orografiji i hidrologiji terena. Nadzemni i podzemni vodeni tokovi uvjetovani su propusnošću tla i imaju posebno značenje u razvitku biljnog svijeta i biljnog pokrova. Cjelokupna orografija Parka, naročito veliki visinski raspon od 913 m, također znatno pridonosi raznolikosti flore i vegetacije. Izuzetnu prirodnu neponovljivost prostora Nacionalnog parka Plitvička jezera utvrđuju i Ujedinjeni narodi, njezina organizacija UNESCO, koji 1979. godine stavlja prostor Parka na Listu Svjetske kulturne i prirodne baštine. Prostor Parka je najvećim dijelom šumsko područje (80 % šuma) s nizom različitih šumskih zajednica. Na ostalim površinama Parka (izuzev vodenih) razvijeni su različiti antropogeno uvjetovani stadiji vegetacije. Među njima najveće površine pripadaju različitim tipovima travnjačke vegetacije, a znatno manje cretnim i močvarnim staništima. Te su površine i osnovna problematika ovog rada. Sustavnija istraživanja navedenih oblika vegetacije u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera vršena su u razdoblju od 1984.–1990. godine. U tom su vremenskom razdoblju istraženi svi prethodno navedeni oblici vegetacije unutar, a i izvan tadašnjih granica Parka. Ova istraživanja travnjačke, cretne i močvarne vegetacije Parka predstavljaju »0. stanja« spomenutih tipova vegetacije. Ona su izvedena u posljednji čas, obzirom na stanje u kojem su već tada zatečene te površine. Na spomenutim površinama Parka u navedenom razdoblju učinjeno je 366 fitocenoloških snimaka. U fitocenološkom pogledu vegetacija se u Parku, na prethodno izdvojenim staništima, može svrstati u 5 vegetacijskih razreda, 8 redova, 10 sveza, 19 asocijacija i 8 sastojina vrsta: Ligularia sibirica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Nardus stricta, Menyanthes trifoliata, Equisetum hyemale, Marchantia sp., Pinguicula vulgaris-Tofieldia calyculata i sastojine sfagnumskog creta. U biljnogeografskom, ekološkom i florističkom pogledu istražene površine čine značajne tipove ekosistema. Na njima žive mnogobrojne biljne i životinjske vrste. Stanišna raznolikost šumskih ekosistema, iz kojih je čovjek svojom intervencijom potisnuo šumu, omogućile su razvoj različitih tipova travnjačkih i ostalih oblika ekosistema. Veliki dio istraživanih površina, a naročito travnjaka Parka zahvaćen je procesom obrastanja. Na travnjačke površine nadiru grmolike i drvenaste vrste iz okolnih šuma. O dužini izostanka košnje ili ispaše ovisi broj pridošlih grmolikih i drvenastih vrsta, faze njihovog razvitka, izgled travnjačke površine, njezin floristički sastav, broj vrsta, njihov raspored na travnjaku, a i izgled staništa. Progresivna sukcesija travnjačke vegetacije je s fitocenološkog gledišta pozitivan proces, to je povratak na prvobitne, prirodne oblike vegetacije, tj. različite šumske zajednice koje su na tim prostorima bile razvijene prije djelovanja čovjeka. S florističkog gledišta i gledišta raznolikosti vegetacije to je negativan proces, jer se smanjuje biološka raznolikost i bogastvo flore. U ovom radu dat je kratki osvrt na stanje i zaštitu travnjačkih, cretnih i močvarnih površina i njihovih staništa. Posebno je istaknuto stanje u kom su zatečeni navedeni oblici vegetacije u Parku u vrijeme istraživanja (1984.–1990. godine). Istaknuta je sva raznolikost staništa i opisanih oblika vegetacije, bogatstvo vrsta koje grade vegetaciju, a istaknute su i mjere koje treba poduzeti za očuvanje i zaštitu te raznolikosti. Pored prikaza vegetacije na spomenutim staništima Parka, izdvojene su i neke zanimljive biljne vrste koje se susreću na tom prostoru.Plitvice Lakes National Park is situated in the inland mountain region of Croatia (about 60 km from the sea), between the high mountains of Mala Kapela to the southwest and Lička Plješivica to the southeast. This is a typical karstic area, which is particularly obvious from the orographic and hydrological characteristics of the terrain. The surface and underground watercourses are dependent on the geological structure, and they greatly influence the development the flora and vegetation. The relief, especially the great altitude range of 913 m, adds to the biodiversity of the flora and vegetation of the Park. The natural uniqueness of the area of Plitvice lakes National Park is recognised by the UN, and in 1979 UNESCO put the Park on the List of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The area of Park is mostly covered by forests (80 %) of different communities. The rest (except for the open waters) is overgrown by a number of different anthropogeneous vegetational types, just a small part belonging among natural moor and swamp habitats. Detailed surveys of vegetation in National Park Plitvice Lakes were made in the period 1984–1990. In this interval, all the vegetation types within Park, as well as in the surrounding area outside of the old borders of Park (which have later been expanded) were investigated. In total, 366 phytosociological relevés were made then in the area of the Park. The data from those vegetation surveys could be taken as the degree zero for data concerning the mentioned vegetation types, since it was documented just in time, considering the stage of the vegetation succession at this moment. The vegetation of the grassland, moor and swamp habitats in the Park syntaxonomically belongs to 5 vegetation classes, 8 orders, 10 alliances, 19 associations, and 8 stands of the species Ligularia sibirica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Nardus stricta, Menyanthes trifoliata, Marchantia sp., Pinguicula vulgaris-Tofieldia calyculata, Equisetum hyemale and sphagnum bog. From the phytogeographical, ecological and floristic standpoint the investigated areas represent valuable ecosystems, containing a number of plant and animal species. Human influence on the originally forest habitats enabled the development of different grassland and other ecosystems. A large part of the investigated areas, particularly those grasslands within the Park, are in different stages of progressive vegetation succession. Some woody plants are invading these grasslands from the nearby forests. The length of the period during which a pasture is not mown or is abandoned determines the number of woody shrubs and their appearance, which in turn is reflected in the appearance of the grasslands, the floristic composition, number of species and their distribution over the grassland, leading to substantial habitat changes. From the natural standpoint, the progressive vegetation succession is a positive process, leading to the original, natural, virgin forests which covered the area before the human influence. But from the standpoint of biodiversity, such process is negative, causing a decrease in flora and vegetation diversity, as well as a decline in total biodiversity. This paper presents a short review of the state of the grassland, moor and swamp habitats and their protection. Special attention is given to the stage of the vegetation in Park at the time of the surveys (1984–1999). The diversity of the habitats and the vegetation, and the richness of the plant species are pointed out. In addition, measures are proposed to preserve and protect the diversity and the characteristics of the grassland, moor and swamp vegetation of the Park, and the richness of its flora. In addition to the vegetation review of the Park habitats, the paper contains a description of some of the characteristic and rare plant species of this area

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