Social Factors in the Production, Perception and Processing of Contact Varieties: Evidence from Bilingual Corpora, Nativeness Evaluations, and Real-time Processing (EEG) of Spanish-accented English

Originating in the 1960’s with the work of William Labov, the field of sociolinguistics has given way to a rich literature that continues to uncover the many ways in which social factors influence how we produce, perceive, and process speech. Sociolinguistic research has burgeoned alongside increasing globalization and migration, which has, in the case of the U.S. at least, resulted in increased levels of bilingualism and more frequent interactions with non-native English speakers. My dissertation, which consists of three distinct chapters, combines insights from the sociolinguistic literature with methodologies from cognitive science in order to better understand the ways in which perceptions of identity and social attitudes towards nonstandard language varieties influence our everyday spoken interactions. More specifically, I investigate how several social factors (i.e. language background, dialect stigmatization, and speaker accent) may influence speech production, perception, and processing. The data presented come from over sixty fieldwork interviews, a series of corpus analyses, two online surveys, and one neurolinguistic experiment. In the first paper, I identify how social factors have appeared to influence auxiliary verb choice among some Ecuadorian Spanish speakers. While the markedly frequent use of auxiliary ir, Sp. ‘to go’ in Ecuadorian Spanish has historically been traced to contact effects from Quichua, analysis of a present-day Ecuadorian Spanish corpus reveals that Quichua-Spanish bilinguals do not use the construction significantly more than Spanish monolinguals. Given auxiliary ir may be marked as a slightly nonstandard alternative for the auxiliary estar and that Quichua-Spanish bilinguals have long been denied linguistic prestige in the sociolinguistic stratification of Ecuadorian Spanish, I propose the possibility that language background and dialect stigmatization may explain the current distribution of auxiliary ir production among Ecuadorian Spanish speakers. In the second chapter, I investigate the relationship between speaker accents and American perceptions of nativeness. Specifically, I examined how young adult Midwesterners today perceive two main kinds of Spanish-influenced English varieties: L1 Latino English (as spoken in Chicago, U.S.) and L2 Spanish-accented English (as spoken in Santiago, Chile). Since Latinos have recently become the dominant ethnic minoritized group in the U.S., the varieties of English that they speak are under increasing scrutiny, and cases of linguistic discrimination are on the rise. Results from an accent evaluation survey reveal that respondents distinguished the L1 Latino English from the L2 Spanish-influenced English speaker, but still rated him as slightly more foreign-sounding than L1 speakers with more established U.S. dialects (e.g. New York). In other words, native U.S. speakers perceived as “sounding Hispanic” were perceived as sounding “almost American,” which suggests that what Midwesterners count as sounding American may be in the process of expanding to include U.S.-born Latinos. In the third chapter, I focus on the effect that speaker accent has on online word processing in the brain. Specifically, does Spanish-accented English speech increase activation of the Spanish lexicon in the mind of Spanish-English bilingual listeners? Though more data is needed for a clear answer, preliminary data from an EEG experiment suggests that speaker accent may possibly modulate bilingual lexical activation. This is investigated via analysis of N400 responses from bilingual listeners when false cognates from Spanish were produced by a Spanish-accented English speaker relative to a Chinese-accented English speaker.PHDLinguisticsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168117/1/emsabo_1.pd