Analisis Daya Tampung Beban Pencemar Sungai Pesanggrahan (Segmen Kota Depok) Dengan Menggunakan Model Numerik Dan Spasial

The objective of the study is to calculate and analyze the pollution load capacity of the specified river segment using combination of the water quality model “QUAL2Kw” and Geographic Information System (SIG). Location of the study is Pesanggrahan river in the Depok City sections. The result of modeling shows that the actual pollutant load discharged to the river section for BOD, COD and TSS are 8.257; 59.930 dan 48.975 kg/days, respectively. Meanwhile the allowable pollutant load or the pollution load capacity of the section of the river for those pollutant parameters are 8.111, 58.20; 49.085 kg/days, respectively. It indicates that the pollution load capacity of the section of the river has been exceeded that needs reduction as much as load of 146 kg/days for BOD, 1,650 kg/days for COD and 110 kg/days for TSS in order to to meet the set water quality standard of the river section. The coefficient of determination (r2) of 0,99 for BOD and COD and 0,998 for TSS indicates that the modelled concentration of BOD, COD and TSS and those concentration of measured results show the strong relationship and the low value difference. In addition, the calibration of modeling results have an error rate of less than 10% indicated by the value of RMSE of 0.065, 0.09, 0.2 for BOD, COD and TSS, respectively. The error value shows that the water quality modeling results can be used for predicting the pollution load capacity or the allowable pollutant load of the river sectio

PENGELOLAAN SUNGAI BATANGHARI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA BERDASARKAN DAYA TAMPUNG BEBAN PENCEMARAN DENGAN METODE QUAL2Kw

Sungai Batanghari di Kabupaten Dharmasraya berada pada penggal hulu pada kesatuan hidrologis sehingga mempengaruhi kualitas air Sungai Batanghari pada bagian hilirnya. Sungai Batanghari pada Kabupaten Dharmasraya ini mendapat beban pencemaran yang cukup tinggi dari aktifitas ekonomi seperti limbah industri, limbah domestik, aktifitas pertambangan galian C, aktifitas pertambangan emas rakyat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status mutu sungai, beban pencemar masuk, dan daya tampung beban pencemaran pada Sungai Batanghari cluster Kabupaten Dharmasraya. Menentukan status mutu Sungai Batanghari dengan metode indeks pencemaran dan menghitung daya tampung beban pencemaran pada Sungai Batanghari dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode QUAL2Kw. Penelitian ini membagi Sungai Batanghari cluster Kabupaten Dharmasraya menjadi 4 penggalan (reach) yang terdiri dari 5 lokasi titik sampling yaitu BH 1 (upstream), BH 2 (reach 1), BH 3 (reach 2), BH 4 (reach 3) dan BH 5 (reach 4). Mutu air sasaran yang yang digunakan adalah baku mutu air kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penentuan status mutu air adalah pH, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, dan Hg. Sedangkan parameter yang dilakukan penghitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran air adalah TSS, BOD, dan COD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai indeks pencemar BH 1 (1,4), BH 2 (1,5), BH 3 (1,2), BH 4 (1,2) dan BH 5 (0,9). Status mutu air pada titik BH 1 sampai dengan BH 4 mempunyai status cemar ringan sedangkan pada titik BH 5 ststus mutu air berada pada kondisi baik. Sedangkan pada penghitungan daya tampung beban pencemar, beban pencemar parameter TSS sebesar 27,02 ton/jam, daya tampung beban pencemaran sungai parameter TSS sebesar 8,80 ton/jam sehingga telah kelebihan beban pencemar TSS sebesar 18,22 ton/jam. Beban pencemar parameter BOD sebesar 4,49 ton/jam, daya tampung beban pencemaran sungai parameter BOD sebesar 13,91 ton/jam jadi masih tersedia kemampuan sungai untuk menampung beban pencemar BOD sebesar 9,41 ton/jam. Beban pencemar parameter COD sebesar 50,33 ton/jam, daya tampung beban pencemaran sungai parameter COD sebesar 29,63 ton/jam sehingga telah kelebihan beban pencemar COD sebesar 20,70 ton/jam. Kata kunci : indeks pencemaran, status mutu, QUAL2Kw, daya tampung beban pencemar, Sungai Batanghari Batanghari River at Dharmasraya located on the upper cutoff on hydrological unity that affects water quality in the Batanghari River downstream. Batanghari River at Dharmasraya this gets pretty high pollution load is also of economic activity such as industrial waste, domestic waste, mining activity excavation C, the gold mining activities. This study aims to determine the status of river quality, pollutant loads entering and pollution load capacity at the Batanghari River Dharmasraya cluster. Determining the quality status of the Batanghari River pollution index method and calculate the pollution load capacity at the Batanghari River were calculated using QUAL2Kw. This study divides the Batanghari River Dharmasraya cluster into four fragments (reach) that consists of 5 locations of sampling points is BH 1 (upstream), BH 2 (Reach 1), BH 3 (Reach 2), BH 4 (Reach 3) and BH 5 (reach 4). Water quality targets used are class II water quality standard PP 82, 2001. The parameters used in the determination of the status of water quality is the pH, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, and Hg. While the parameters were calculated water pollution load capacity is TSS, BOD, and COD. The results show the value of pollutant index BH 1 (1,4), BH 2 (1,5), BH 3 (1,2), BH 4 (1,2) and BH 5 (0,9). Status of water quality at the point of BH 1 through BH 4 have blackened the status light while the BH point 5 status water quality is in good condition. While the calculation of pollutant load capacity, pollutant load TSS parameter 27,02 tons / hour, river pollution load capacity TSS parameters of 8,80 tons / hour so it was overloaded TSS pollutants by 18,22 tons / hour. The pollution load of BOD parameter of 4,49 tons / hour, river pollution load capacity of BOD parameter of 13,91 tons / hour so it is still available the ability of the river to accommodate the BOD pollutant load of 9,41 tons / hour. COD pollutant load of 50,33 tons / hour, river pollution load capacity COD parameter of 29,63 tons / hour so it was overloaded pollutant COD is 20,70 tons / hour. Keywords: pollution index, quality status, QUAL2Kw, pollutant load capacity, Batanghari Rive

Statistically-Based Comparison of the Removal Efficiencies and Resilience Capacities between Conventional and Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Peak Load Scenario

Emerging global threats, such as climate change, urbanization and water depletion, are driving forces for finding a feasible substitute for low cost-effective conventional activated sludge (AS) technology. On the other hand, given their low cost and easy operation, nature-based systems such as constructed wetlands (CWs) and waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) appear to be viable options. To examine these systems, a 210-day experiment with 31 days of peak load scenario was performed. Particularly, we conducted a deliberate strategy of experimentation, which includes applying a preliminary study, preliminary models, hypothetical tests and power analysis to compare their removal efficiencies and resilience capacities. In contrast to comparable high removal efficiencies of organic matter-around 90%-both natural systems showed moderate nutrient removal efficiencies, which inferred the necessity for further treatment to ensure their compliance with environmental standards. During the peak period, the pond treatment systems appeared to be the most robust as they indicated a higher strength to withstanding the organic matter and nitrogen shock load and were able to recover within a short period. However, high demand of land-2.5 times larger than that of AS-is a major concern of the applicability of WSPs despite their lower operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. It is also worth noting that initial efforts on systematic experimentation appeared to have an essential impact on ensuring statistically and practically meaningful results in this comparison study

Integrity protection for code-on-demand mobile agents in e-commerce

The mobile agent paradigm has been proposed as a promising solution to facilitate distributed computing over open and heterogeneous networks. Mobility, autonomy, and intelligence are identified as key features of mobile agent systems and enabling characteristics for the next-generation smart electronic commerce on the Internet. However, security-related issues, especially integrity protection in mobile agent technology, still hinder the widespread use of software agents: from the agent’s perspective, mobile agent integrity should be protected against attacks from malicious hosts and other agents. In this paper, we present Code-on-Demand(CoD) mobile agents and a corresponding agent integrity protection scheme. Compared to the traditional assumption that mobile agents consist of invariant code parts, we propose the use of dynamically upgradeable agent code, in which new agent function modules can be added and redundant ones can be deleted at runtime. This approach will reduce the weight of agent programs, equip mobile agents with more flexibility, enhance code privacy and help the recoverability of agents after attack. In order to meet the security challenges for agent integrity protection, we propose agent code change authorization protocols and a double integrity verification scheme. Finally, we discuss the Java implementation of CoD mobile agents and integrity protection

Operation of an activated sludge plant for fellmongery wastewater treatment : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Activated sludge is one of the most common wastewater-treatment processes used to reduce pollutant loads on the receiving environment. For efficient operation, there must be an effective process control and operation strategy in place to ensure that process problems are avoided. This research is a case study into the process control and operation of an activated sludge plant used for fellmongery wastewater treatment. Analysis of the pretreated fellmongery wastewater showed that it is characterised by high total and volatile suspended solids concentrations, and high organic nitrogen concentrations. The plant was experiencing frequent problems that were attributed to the high influent suspended solids load coupled with ineffective solids management. Operation of bench-scale simulations showed that solids retention time (SRT) control at 5 or 10 days will produce acceptable effluent suspended solids concentrations and soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Soluble COD removal for both 5 and 10 days was high at 85 and 80 % respectively at a hydraulic retention time of 6.4 days. Effluent suspended solids concentrations were 100 and 157 g/m 3 respectively. A steady state control model was developed based on, mass balances of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and volatile suspended solids (VSS), process performance equations, and the solids retention time (SRT). The model used three control points, the clarifier underflow pump, the clarifier influent pump and the waste sludge pump. The model was incorporated into an off-line Activated Sludge Operation Program (ASOP) to provide a user-friendly interface between the plant and operator. The main output from ASOP includes values for the three control points and suggestions to help avoid problems. A process control and operation strategy was developed using ASOP, the knowledge gained in this research, and an operation manual developed from accepted operation practises

Analysis of Intel's Haswell Microarchitecture Using The ECM Model and Microbenchmarks

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of Intel's Haswell microarchitecture for streaming loop kernels. Among the new features examined is the dual-ring Uncore design, Cluster-on-Die mode, Uncore Frequency Scaling, core improvements as new and improved execution units, as well as improvements throughout the memory hierarchy. The Execution-Cache-Memory diagnostic performance model is used together with a generic set of microbenchmarks to quantify the efficiency of the microarchitecture. The set of microbenchmarks is chosen such that it can serve as a blueprint for other streaming loop kernels.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1509.0311

Long term trend of chemical oxygen demand in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Japan; possible effects of climatic warming

A trend of shortening duration of ice coverage has been reported in many rivers, ponds and lakes around the world due to climatic warming. The shortening will have much influence on organic production due to the greater supply of light intensity and hence on water quality. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), a useful measure of water quality, has been monitored over the past thirty years in Saroma-ko Lagoon, a boreal lake in Japan characterized by wintertime ice coverage. Here the data set of water quality in the lagoon is analyzed to reveal long-term trends in COD and the influence of climatic warming on such trends. There has been a significant increasing trend, caused primarily by an abrupt increase in the early 1990s. However, the increase could not be explained by the increased load of organic matter on the lagoon from the river basin and organic production in the lagoon. On the other hand, periods of freezing of the entire surface have tended to be shorter with inevitable thinning of ice over the past forty years, probably due to climatic warming. Ice and planktonic algae are exposed to the low light intensity in situ, which is not optimum for the algal production of organic matter. The shortening and thinning should thus bring an improvement in ambient light conditions for algae, resulting in an increase of organic matter in winter. Most of the organic matter possibly remains even after spring because of the low water temperature. It is highly possible that climatic warming promotes deterioration in water quality in ice-covered lakes

Effects of a Tapering Period on Physical Condition in Soccer Players

The aim of this research was to analyze the effects of a 2-week step tapering period on lower-limb muscle power, change of direction (COD) and acceleration capacities, and on the stress-recovery state in an amateur soccer team. Twenty-two male players were included in the study. After a 6-week progressive training, the sample was divided into experimental group (EG) (n = 11), which did a 2-week period of taper in which training volume was 50% reduced (intensity was kept high) and control group (CG) (n = 11), which kept on with the training. Muscle power (countermovement jump test), acceleration (10-m sprint test), COD (Illinois test), and stress and recovery perceptions (RESTQ questionnaire) were evaluated before training, at the end of it (pretapering, PRE-TP) and after the tapering period (posttapering, POST-TP). After the taper, the EG in comparison with the CG showed significantly improved power (1,029.71 ± 108.51 W·kg−1 vs. 1,084.21 ± 110.87 W·kg−1; p ≤ 0.01), acceleration (1.72 ± 0.09 seconds vs. 1.67 ± 0.07 seconds; p ≤ 0.05), and lower stress levels (1.9 ± 0.5 vs. 1.6 ± 0.5; p ≤ 0.01) (PRE-TP vs. POST-TP, respectively). Change of direction did not show significant changes. In conclusion, a 2-week step tapering program was found to be an effective periodization strategy to increase muscle power and acceleration, and to reduce stress perception in soccer amateur players

Time dependent fracture of polymers

The fracture behavior of polymers is reviewed with emphasis on the time dependent aspects of the problem. Following a delineation of the history of crack propagation investigations in linearly viscoelastic materials, the effects of temperature and solvent environment are examined besides the special effects arising from fatigue loading. These phenomena are examined for both crosslinked and uncrosslinked polymers. Some special consideration is given to the phenomena connected with craze formation in amorphous homopolymers as well as in crystalline materials as exemplified by polyethylene. Finally, status of analytical tools and formulations of fracture problems involving non-linearly viscoelastic material behavior is delineated by means of some examples