The Central European buffer zone

This paper considers the creation of a new region in Europe since the opening of the borders following the so-called "revolutions" in East-Central Europe. The "buffer zone" consists of a privileged group of post-Communist countries sandwiched between some of the most affluent countries of the European Union on the one side and countries with collapsing, unreformed or backward economies on the other. This paper considers the countries: Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia in terms of the circulation of GOODS, CAPITAL and PEOPLE around the region. The Central European buffer zone countries represent the most successful group of countries in terms of economic and political reform and social stability. This is both a cause and consequence of their attracting investment, tourism and other forms of economic and cultural communication from their neighbours to the west -. Especially Germany and Austria. For the countries to the East and South of the buffer zone, their prosperity and the possibility of crossing into the buffer zone but not further, creates an attraction for visitors from the East who arrive for settlement for work, for shopping, for trading or for establishing businesses. The establishment of cross-border communications depends to a large extent on reviving family, ethnic and cultural ties which were for many years severed by Communism.

Parks, Buffer Zones, and Costly Enforcement

The reality of protected area management is that enforcing forest and park boundaries is costly and so most likely incomplete, due in part to the pressures exerted on the boundaries by local people who often have traditionally relied on the park resources. Buffer zones are increasingly being proposed and implemented to protect both forest resources and livelihoods. Developing a spatially-explicit optimal enforcement model, this paper demonstrates that there is a trade-off between the amount spent on enforcement, the size of a formal buffer zone, and the extent to which a forest can be protected from illegal extraction. Indeed, given the reality of limited enforcement budgets, a forest manager with a mandate to protect a whole forest may in fact end up doing a worse job than one who is able to incorporate an appropriately sized buffer zone into their management plans that, combined with more effective enforcement of a smaller exclusion zone, provide the appropriate incentives for villagers to extract only in the periphery of the forest, rather than venture further into the forest.

Buffer zone water repellency: effects of the management practice

Water repellency index R was measured in a heavy clay and a sandy loam, used as arable land or buffer zone (BZ). Further, effect of management practise and ageing of BZs were studied. Water repellency was proved to be a common phenomenon on these soils. Harvesting and grazing increased water repellency as does ageing.Low water repellency is supposed to prevent preferential flows and provide evenly distributed water infiltration pattern through large soil volume, which favours nutrient retention

Ketersedian Tenaga Kerja Sektor Pertanian Di Daerah Penyangga Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (Agricultures Labour Availability in the Bufferzone of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park)

Ability of buffer zone in protecting conservation area depends very much on development of economic opportunity of the buffer zone area itself. The objective of this research was to provide description on economic condition of the buffer zone of Gunung Gede – Pangrango National Park (TNGP) based on economic indicators, particularly the availability of labor in agriculture sector. Method of Location Quotient (LQ) was applied to describe whether the agriculture labor in buffer zone constituted the base sector or not. Employment Surplus Index (ESI) was used to calculate surplus of agriculture labor while Shift Share Analysis (SSA) was used to show shift in labor availability in agriculture sector. Research results showed that agriculture sector labor in buffer zone of TNGP constituted the base sector and implied that agriculture sector possessed extra labor. In general, villages in buffer zone of TNGP showed very dynamic shift of labor availability in agriculture sector. Excess labors were considered as labors that serve export market. Considering that ratio of agriculture land size to number of inhabitants in buffer zone of TNGP was very small, accompanied by low level of education and skill of the inhabitants whose livelihood was limited on skill based on land and natural resources, it can be predicted that export of excess labors in buffer zone villages will go to TNGP area in the form of forest area disturbance. Therefore, one of the attempts to overcome the problem of agriculture labor surplus was seeking potency and development of farmer ability in non agriculture job

Improved initial data for black hole binaries by asymptotic matching of post-Newtonian and perturbed black hole solutions

We construct approximate initial data for non-spinning black hole binary systems by asymptotically matching the 4-metrics of two tidally perturbed Schwarzschild solutions in isotropic coordinates to a resummed post-Newtonian 4-metric in ADMTT coordinates. The specific matching procedure used here closely follows the calculation in gr-qc/0503011, and is performed in the so called buffer zone where both the post-Newtonian and the perturbed Schwarzschild approximations hold. The result is that both metrics agree in the buffer zone, up to the errors in the approximations. However, since isotropic coordinates are very similar to ADMTT coordinates, matching yields better results than in the previous calculation, where harmonic coordinates were used for the post-Newtonian 4-metric. In particular, not only does matching improve in the buffer zone, but due to the similarity between ADMTT and isotropic coordinates the two metrics are also close to each other near the black hole horizons. With the help of a transition function we also obtain a global smooth 4-metric which has errors on the order of the error introduced by the more accurate of the two approximations we match. This global smoothed out 4-metric is obtained in ADMTT coordinates which are not horizon penetrating. In addition, we construct a further coordinate transformation that takes the 4-metric from global ADMTT coordinates to new coordinates which are similar to Kerr-Schild coordinates near each black hole, but which remain ADMTT further away from the black holes. These new coordinates are horizon penetrating and lead, for example, to a lapse which is everywhere positive on the t=0 slice. Such coordinates may be more useful in numerical simulations.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figures. Replaced with accepted versio

Pengembangan Dan Pengelolaan Eboni Dalam Sistem Daerah Penyangga

The increasing value of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) recently, causes extensive exploration of the species, and as the consequency the natural population of this species become endangered.Conservation of ebony depends on the management of the Nature Conservation areas or the National Parks in Sulawesi.Conserving the gene pool and management of the surrounding area i.e.the buffer zone is important for the species diversity and the social economic aspect of the local community.The buffer zone has three different functions, as greenbelt zone, interaction zone and cultivation zone.These zones are managed in an integrated system where the progress of the region is responsible on the conservation and community development is implemented. The progress of the ebony forest plantation and agriculture zone of the buffer zone area develops into a mixed plantation forest of an agroforestry system in a community forest management

Aquaculture vis-a-vis agriculture

The effect of aquaculture, especially shrimp farming, on agriculture has caused heated debate among aquaculturists, agriculturists, and non-governmental organizations. As data on the negative impact of shrimp farming on adjacent rice fields are not available, a study was undertaken in rice fields skirting three shrimp farms: a semi-intensive farm; an extensive farm; and a semi-intensive farm with a buffer zone. The buffer zone was found to be helpful in preventing salinization of the adjacent agricultural fields and the Electrical Conductivity (EC) values (less than 1) reported were found to be harmless to the rice crop. Thus, aquaculture and agriculture can coexist in coastal areas if there are buffer zones in between

国道16号沿線地域における事業所分布の特徴に関する考察 ― 経済センサス小地域（町丁字）データを用いた空間集計 ―

The aim of this paper is to investigate the features of business establishments located along the Japan National Route as applied research of regional aggregation analysis using small region data of various public statistics freely available from government portal site for GIS software. 　Analysis results revealed that there are significant differences, especially in the construction industry and the manufacturing industry, in the area adjacent to the Japan National Route-16 (100m buffer zone) and the wide area along the Route-16 (5000 m buffer zone). 　Also, considering the characteristics of business establishments and employees according to region classification for each 500 m buffer, it became clear that there is a remarkable boundary on the site in the buffer 1000 m and the buffer 2500 m band