4 research outputs found
Efficient Mining Cluster Selection for Blockchain-based Cellular V2X Communications
Cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is expected to herald the
age of autonomous vehicles in the coming years. With the integration of
blockchain in such networks, information of all granularity levels, from
complete blocks to individual transactions, would be accessible to vehicles at
any time. Specifically, the blockchain technology is expected to improve the
security, immutability, and decentralization of cellular V2X communication
through smart contract and distributed ledgers. Although blockchain-based
cellular V2X networks hold promise, many challenges need to be addressed to
enable the future interoperability and accessibility of such large-scale
platforms. One such challenge is the offloading of mining tasks in cellular V2X
networks. While transportation authorities may try to balance the network
mining load, the vehicles may select the nearest mining clusters to offload a
task. This may cause congestion and disproportionate use of vehicular network
resources. To address this issue, we propose a game-theoretic approach for
balancing the load at mining clusters while maintaining fairness among
offloading vehicles. Keeping in mind the low-latency requirements of vehicles,
we consider a finite channel blocklength transmission which is more practical
compared to the use of infinite blocklength codes. The simulation results
obtained with our proposed offloading framework show improved performance over
the conventional nearest mining cluster selection technique.Comment: Blockchain, Cellular V2X Communications, Latency, Mining, Vehicular
Network
Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Spectrum Allocation in Integrated Access and Backhaul Networks
We develop a framework based on deep reinforce-ment learning (DRL) to solve
the spectrum allocation problem inthe emerging integrated access and backhaul
(IAB) architecturewith large scale deployment and dynamic environment. The
avail-able spectrum is divided into several orthogonal sub-channels,and the
donor base station (DBS) and all IAB nodes have thesame spectrum resource for
allocation, where a DBS utilizes thosesub-channels for access links of
associated user equipment (UE)as well as for backhaul links of associated IAB
nodes, and anIAB node can utilize all for its associated UEs. This is one ofkey
features in which 5G differs from traditional settings wherethe backhaul
networks were designed independently from theaccess networks. With the goal of
maximizing the sum log-rateof all UE groups, we formulate the spectrum
allocation probleminto a mix-integer and non-linear programming. However, itis
intractable to find an optimal solution especially when theIAB network is large
and time-varying. To tackle this problem,we propose to use the latest DRL
method by integrating anactor-critic spectrum allocation (ACSA) scheme and deep
neuralnetwork (DNN) to achieve real-time spectrum allocation indifferent
scenarios. The proposed methods are evaluated throughnumerical simulations and
show promising results compared withsome baseline allocation policies
Blockchains for Spectrum Management in Wireless Networks: A Survey
Regulatory radio spectrum management is evolving from traditional static
frequency allocation and assignment schemes towards dynamic spectrum management
and access schemes. This evolution is necessitated by a number of factors
including underutilization of licensed spectrum bands, changing market and
technological developments and increased demand for spectrum for emerging
applications in multimedia communications, internet-of-things and fifth
generation (5G) wireless networks. In simple terms dynamic spectrum management
involves allowing unlicensed users known as secondary users (SUs) to access the
licensed spectrum of a licensed user also known as primary user (PU). This is
primarily achieved using spectrum sharing schemes that leverage spectrum
database and cognitive radio techniques. However, the use of spectrum database
and cognitive radio techniques faces reliability, security and privacy concerns
for spectrum sharing. There is also a need to support other requirements of
dynamic spectrum management such as secondary spectrum trading market and
dynamic spectrum access coordination. In this work, we review the use of
blockchains for enabling spectrum sharing and other aspects of dynamic spectrum
management. The review covers the use of blockchain to record spectrum
management information such as spectrum sensing results and spectrum auction
transactions in a secure manner. The article also covers the use of smart
contracts to support complex service-levelagreements (SLAs) between network
operators which is key to supporting a self-organized secondary spectrum
sharing market and enforcement of regulatory policies. A taxonomy of the
intersection between blockchain and various concepts of dynamic spectrum
management is also provide
Bandcoin: Using Smart Contracts to Automate Mobile Network Bandwidth Roaming Agreements
We propose a new way to share licensed spectrum bandwidth capacity in mobile
networks between operators, service providers and consumers using
blockchain-based smart contracts. We discuss the foundational building blocks
in the contract as well as various extensions to support more advanced features
such as bulk purchases, future reservations, and various auction mechanisms.
Furthermore, we demonstrate how the system can be implemented with an
open-source, permissioned Enterprise blockchain, Hyperledger Sawtooth. We show
that our smart contract implementation can improve blockchain transaction
performance, by approximately four orders of magnitude compared to serial
transactions and one order of magnitude compared to parallell transactions,
using PKI-driven bulk purchases of mobile access grants, paving the way for
fully automated, efficient, and fine-grained roaming agreements