9 research outputs found
Emergent fermionic gauge theory and foliated fracton order in the Chamon model
The Chamon model is an exactly solvable spin Hamiltonian exhibiting
nontrivial fracton order. In this work, we dissect two distinct aspects of the
model. First, we show that it exhibits an emergent fractonic gauge theory
coupled to a fermionic subsystem symmetry-protected topological state under
four stacks of planar symmetries. Second, we show that the
Chamon model hosts 4-foliated fracton order by describing an entanglement
renormalization group transformation that exfoliates four separate stacks of 2D
toric codes from the bulk system.Comment: 18 pages, 9 figure
Fracton phases of matter
Fractons are a new type of quasiparticle which are immobile in isolation, but can often move by forming bound states. Fractons are found in a variety of physical settings, such as spin liquids and elasticity theory, and exhibit unusual phenomenology, such as gravitational physics and localization. The past several years have seen a surge of interest in these exotic particles, which have come to the forefront of modern condensed matter theory. In this review, we provide a broad treatment of fractons, ranging from pedagogical introductory material to discussions of recent advances in the field. We begin by demonstrating how the fracton phenomenon naturally arises as a consequence of higher moment conservation laws, often accompanied by the emergence of tensor gauge theories. We then provide a survey of fracton phases in spin models, along with the various tools used to characterize them, such as the foliation framework. We discuss in detail the manifestation of fracton physics in elasticity theory, as well as the connections of fractons with localization and gravitation. Finally, we provide an overview of some recently proposed platforms for fracton physics, such as Majorana islands and hole-doped antiferromagnets. We conclude with some open questions and an outlook on the field
Many-body physics of spontaneously broken higher-rank symmetry: from fractonic superfluids to dipolar Hubbard model
Fractonic superfluids are exotic phases of matter in which bosons are subject
to mobility constraints, resulting in features beyond those of conventional
superfluids. These exotic phases arise from the spontaneous breaking of
higher-rank symmetry (HRS) in many-body systems with higher-moment
conservation, such as dipoles, quadrupoles, and angular moments. The aim of
this paper is to introduce exciting developments on the theory of spontaneous
symmetry breaking in such systems, which we refer to as ``many-fracton
systems''. More specifically, we introduce exciting progress on general aspects
of HRS, minimal model construction, realization of symmetry-breaking ground
states, order parameter, off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO), Noether
currents with continuity equations, Gross-Pitaevskii equations, quantum
fluctuations, Goldstone modes, specific heat, generalized Mermin-Wagner
theorem, critical current, Landau criterion, symmetry defects, and
Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT)-like physics, hydrodynamics, and dipolar Hubbard model
realization. This paper is concluded with several future directions.Comment: Title changed, references updated. A short review on recent progress
on higher rank symmetry breaking, fractonic superfluids, dipole (and other
higher moments) conservation, and related topic
Boundary theory of the X-cube model in the continuum
We study the boundary theory of the X-cube model using a
continuum perspective, from which the exchange statistics of a subset of bulk
excitations can be recovered. We discuss various gapped boundary conditions
that either preserve or break the translation/rotation symmetries on the
boundary, and further present the corresponding ground state degeneracies on
. The low-energy physics is highly sensitive to the boundary
conditions: even the extensive part of the ground state degeneracy can vary
when different sets of boundary conditions are chosen on the two boundaries. We
also examine the anomaly inflow of the boundary theory and find that the X-cube
model is not the unique (3+1)d theory that cancels the 't Hooft anomaly of the
boundary.Comment: v
Layer Codes
The surface code is a two dimensional topological code with code parameters
that scale optimally with the number of physical qubits, under the constraint
of two dimensional locality. In three spatial dimensions an analogous simple
yet optimal code was not previously known. Here, we introduce a construction
that takes as input a stabilizer code and produces as output a three
dimensional topological code with related code parameters. The output codes
have the special structure of being topological defect networks formed by
layers of surface code joined along one dimensional junctions, with a maximum
stabilizer check weight of six. When the input is a family of good low density
parity check codes, the output is a three dimensional topological code with
optimal scaling code parameters and a polynomial energy barrier.Comment: 63 pages, 16 figure
Engineering Floquet codes by rewinding
Floquet codes are a novel class of quantum error-correcting codes with
dynamically generated logical qubits, which arise from a periodic schedule of
non-commuting measurements. We engineer new examples of Floquet codes with
measurement schedules that during each period. The rewinding
schedules are advantageous in our constructions for both obtaining a desired
set of instantaneous stabilizer groups and for constructing boundaries. Our
first example is a Floquet code that has instantaneous stabilizer groups that
are equivalent -- via finite-depth circuits -- to the 2D color code and
exhibits a automorphism of the logical operators. Our second
example is a Floquet code with instantaneous stabilizer codes that have the
same topological order as the 3D toric code. This Floquet code exhibits a
splitting of the topological order of the 3D toric code under the associated
sequence of measurements i.e., an instantaneous stabilizer group of a single
copy of 3D toric code in one round transforms into an instantaneous stabilizer
group of two copies of 3D toric codes up to nonlocal stabilizers, in the
following round. We further construct boundaries for this 3D code and argue
that stacking it with two copies of 3D subsystem toric code allows for a
transversal implementation of the logical non-Clifford gate. We also show
that the coupled-layer construction of the X-cube Floquet code can be modified
by a rewinding schedule such that each of the instantaneous stabilizer codes is
finite-depth-equivalent to the X-cube model up to toric codes; the X-cube
Floquet code exhibits a splitting of the X-cube model into a copy of the X-cube
model and toric codes under the measurement sequence. Our final example is a
generalization of the honeycomb code to 3D, which has instantaneous stabilizer
codes with the same topological order as the 3D fermionic toric code.Comment: 20+3 pages, 27 figures, files are available at
https://github.com/dua-arpit/floquetcodes, v2 changes: added more details on
the rewinding X-cube Floquet code and made minor updates in color code
figures in the appendi