675 research outputs found
Beyond-CMOS Device Benchmarking for Boolean and Non-Boolean Logic Applications
The latest results of benchmarking research are presented for a variety of
beyond-CMOS charge- and spin-based devices. In addition to improving the
device-level models, several new device proposals and a few majorly modified
devices are investigated. Deep pipelining circuits are employed to boost the
throughput of low-power devices. Furthermore, the benchmarking methodology is
extended to interconnect-centric analyses and non-Boolean logic applications.
In contrast to Boolean circuits, non-Boolean circuits based on the cellular
neural network demonstrate that spintronic devices can potentially outperform
conventional CMOS devices.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
Clocked Magnetostriction-Assisted Spintronic Device Design and Simulation
We propose a heterostructure device comprised of magnets and piezoelectrics
that significantly improves the delay and the energy dissipation of an all-spin
logic (ASL) device. This paper studies and models the physics of the device,
illustrates its operation, and benchmarks its performance using SPICE
simulations. We show that the proposed device maintains low voltage operation,
non-reciprocity, non-volatility, cascadability, and thermal reliability of the
original ASL device. Moreover, by utilizing the deterministic switching of a
magnet from the saddle point of the energy profile, the device is more
efficient in terms of energy and delay and is robust to thermal fluctuations.
The results of simulations show that compared to ASL devices, the proposed
device achieves 21x shorter delay and 27x lower energy dissipation per bit for
a 32-bit arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Voltage-Controlled Topological-Spin Switch for Ultra-Low-Energy Computing--Performance Modeling and Benchmarking
A voltage-controlled topological-spin switch (vTOPSS) that uses a hybrid
topological insulator-magnetic insulator multiferroic is presented that can
implement Boolean logic operations with sub-10 aJ energy-per-bit and
energy-delay product on the order of Js. The device uses a
topological insulator (TI), which has the highest efficiency of conversion of
electric field to spin torque yet observed at room temperature, and a
low-moment magnetic insulator (MI) that can respond rapidly to a given spin
torque. We present the theory of operation of vTOPSS, develop analytic models
of its performance metrics, elucidate performance scaling with dimensions and
voltage, and benchmark vTOPSS against existing spin-based and CMOS devices.
Compared to existing spin-based devices, such as all-spin logic and charge-spin
logic, vTOPSS offers 100 lower energy dissipation and (40-100)
lower energy-delay product. With experimental advances and improved material
properties, we show that the energy-delay product of vTOPSS can be lowered to
Js, competitive against existing CMOS technology. Finally, we
establish that interconnect issues that dominate the performance in CMOS logic
are relatively less significant for vTOPSS, implying that highly resistive
materials can indeed be used to interconnect vTOPSS devices.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure
Overview of Beyond-CMOS Devices and A Uniform Methodology for Their Benchmarking
Multiple logic devices are presently under study within the Nanoelectronic
Research Initiative (NRI) to carry the development of integrated circuits
beyond the CMOS roadmap. Structure and operational principles of these devices
are described. Theories used for benchmarking these devices are overviewed, and
a general methodology is described for consistent estimates of the circuit
area, switching time and energy. The results of the comparison of the NRI logic
devices using these benchmarks are presented.Comment: 91 pages, 67 figures, 11 tables. Related to the conference
presentation D. Nikonov and I. Young, Uniform Methodology for Benchmarking
Beyond-CMOS Logic Devices, Proceedings of IEDM, 25.4 (2012
Perspectives of Using Oscillators for Computing and Signal Processing
It is an intriguing concept to use oscillators as fundamental building blocks
of electronic computers. The idea is not new, but is currently subject to
intense research as a part of the quest for 'beyond Moore' electronic devices.
In this paper we give an engineering-minded survey of oscillator-based
computing architectures, with the goal of understanding their promise and
limitations for next-generation computing. We will mostly discuss non-Boolean,
neurally-inspired computing concepts and put the emphasis on hardware and on
circuits where the oscillators are realized from emerging, nanoscale building
blocks. Despite all the promise that oscillatory computing holds, existing
literature gives very few clear-cut arguments about the possible benefits of
using oscillators in place of other analog nonlinear circuit elements. In this
survey we will argue for finding the rationale of using oscillatory building
blocks and call for benchmarking studies that compare oscillatory computing
circuits to level-based (analog) implementations
Smart Detector Cell: A Scalable All-Spin Circuit for Low Power Non-Boolean Pattern Recognition
We present a new circuit for non-Boolean recognition of binary images.
Employing all-spin logic (ASL) devices, we design logic comparators and
non-Boolean decision blocks for compact and efficient computation. By
manipulation of fan-in number in different stages of the circuit, the structure
can be extended for larger training sets or larger images. Operating based on
the mainly similarity idea, the system is capable of constructing a mean image
and compare it with a separate input image within a short decision time. Taking
advantage of the non-volatility of ASL devices, the proposed circuit is capable
of hybrid memory/logic operation. Compared with existing CMOS pattern
recognition circuits, this work achieves a smaller footprint, lower power
consumption, faster decision time and a lower operational voltage. To the best
of our knowledge, this is the first fully spin-based complete pattern
recognition circuit demonstrated using spintronic devices.Comment: This article is accepted to appear in IEEE Transactions on
Nanotechnolog
Proposal For Neuromorphic Hardware Using Spin Devices
We present a design-scheme for ultra-low power neuromorphic hardware using
emerging spin-devices. We propose device models for 'neuron', based on lateral
spin valves and domain wall magnets that can operate at ultra-low terminal
voltage of ~20 mV, resulting in small computation energy. Magnetic tunnel
junctions are employed for interfacing the spin-neurons with charge-based
devices like CMOS, for large-scale networks. Device-circuit
co-simulation-framework is used for simulating such hybrid designs, in order to
evaluate system-level performance. We present the design of different classes
of neuromorphic architectures using the proposed scheme that can be suitable
for different applications like, analog-data-sensing, data-conversion,
cognitive-computing, associative memory, programmable-logic and analog and
digital signal processing. We show that the spin-based neuromorphic designs can
achieve 15X-300X lower computation energy for these applications; as compared
to state of art CMOS designs
SNRA: A Spintronic Neuromorphic Reconfigurable Array for In-Circuit Training and Evaluation of Deep Belief Networks
In this paper, a spintronic neuromorphic reconfigurable Array (SNRA) is
developed to fuse together power-efficient probabilistic and in-field
programmable deterministic computing during both training and evaluation phases
of restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs). First, probabilistic spin logic
devices are used to develop an RBM realization which is adapted to construct
deep belief networks (DBNs) having one to three hidden layers of size 10 to 800
neurons each. Second, we design a hardware implementation for the contrastive
divergence (CD) algorithm using a four-state finite state machine capable of
unsupervised training in N+3 clocks where N denotes the number of neurons in
each RBM. The functionality of our proposed CD hardware implementation is
validated using ModelSim simulations. We synthesize the developed Verilog HDL
implementation of our proposed test/train control circuitry for various DBN
topologies where the maximal RBM dimensions yield resource utilization ranging
from 51 to 2,421 lookup tables (LUTs). Next, we leverage spin Hall effect
(SHE)-magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based non-volatile LUTs circuits as an
alternative for static random access memory (SRAM)-based LUTs storing the
deterministic logic configuration to form a reconfigurable fabric. Finally, we
compare the performance of our proposed SNRA with SRAM-based configurable
fabrics focusing on the area and power consumption induced by the LUTs used to
implement both CD and evaluation modes. The results obtained indicate more than
80% reduction in combined dynamic and static power dissipation, while achieving
at least 50% reduction in device count.Comment: 8 page
Spin-Orbit Torque Devices for Hardware Security: From Deterministic to Probabilistic Regime
Protecting intellectual property (IP) has become a serious challenge for chip
designers. Most countermeasures are tailored for CMOS integration and tend to
incur excessive overheads, resulting from additional circuitry or device-level
modifications. On the other hand, power density is a critical concern for
sub-50 nm nodes, necessitating alternate design concepts. Although initially
tailored for error-tolerant applications, imprecise computing has gained
traction as a general-purpose design technique. Emerging devices are currently
being explored to implement ultra-low-power circuits for inexact computing
applications. In this paper, we quantify the security threats of imprecise
computing using emerging devices. More specifically, we leverage the innate
polymorphism and tunable stochastic behavior of spin-orbit torque (SOT)
devices, particularly, the giant spin-Hall effect (GSHE) switch. We enable IP
protection (by means of logic locking and camouflaging) simultaneously for
deterministic and probabilistic computing, directly at the GSHE device level.
We conduct a comprehensive security analysis using state-of-the-art Boolean
satisfiability (SAT) attacks; this study demonstrates the superior resilience
of our GSHE primitive when tailored for deterministic computing. We also
demonstrate how probabilistic computing can thwart most, if not all, existing
SAT attacks. Based on this finding, we propose an attack scheme called
probabilistic SAT (PSAT) which can bypass the defense offered by logic locking
and camouflaging for imprecise computing schemes. Further, we illustrate how
careful application of our GSHE primitive can remain secure even on the
application of the PSAT attack. Finally, we also discuss side-channel attacks
and invasive monitoring, which are arguably even more concerning threats than
SAT attacks.Comment: To be published in IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of
Integrated Circuits and System
Magnonic Holographic Memory: from Proposal to Device
In this work, we present recent developments in magnonic holographic memory
devices exploiting spin waves for information transfer. The devices comprise a
magnetic matrix and spin wave generating/detecting elements placed on the edges
of the waveguides. The matrix consists of a grid of magnetic waveguides
connected via cross junctions. Magnetic memory elements are incorporated within
the junction while the read-in and read-out is accomplished by the spin waves
propagating through the waveguides. We present experimental data on spin wave
propagation through NiFe and YIG magnetic crosses. The obtained experimental
data show prominent spin wave signal modulation (up to 20 dB for NiFe and 35 dB
for YIG) by the external magnetic field, where both the strength and the
direction of the magnetic field define the transport between the cross arms. We
also present experimental data on the 2-bit magnonic holographic memory built
on the double cross YIG structure with micro-magnets placed on the top of each
cross. It appears possible to recognize the state of each magnet via the
interference pattern produced by the spin waves with all experiments done at
room temperature. Magnonic holographic devices aim to combine the advantages of
magnetic data storage with wave-based information transfer. We present
estimates on the spin wave holographic devices performance, including power
consumption and functional throughput. According to the estimates, magnonic
holographic devices may provide data processing rates higher than 10^18
bits/cm2/s while consuming 0.15uW. Technological challenges and fundamental
physical limits of this approach are also discussed
- …