Currency Board Arrangement and Transition: The Issues, Controversies and the Experience of Bosnia

In the last decade there has been considerable discussion on what exchange rate policies shall be pursued by developing countries as well as countries in transition as mean of successful transformation and effective mechanism to spur private sector growth and promote stability. the central to this, rather broad and growing debate, has been the role of fixed exchange rates, and the currency board arrangements (cba) in particular.this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the attractions and disadvantages of such arrangements principally drawing on the experience of bosnia and herzegovina (bih). it assesses merits and costs related to this arrangement, primarily looking at the rigidities and constraints the regime imposes on macroeconomic policies, and the subsequent impact on growth and development. finally, the paper elaborates if and under which conditions, the weaknesses associated with the regime are off set with its repeatedly assigned advantages of i.e. macroeconomic stability, low inflation, increased confidence and established credibility as well as reduced “costs” to business transactions and investments. the paper concludes that bosnian currency board was viable temporary solution and that serious consideration shall be given to exiting the regime. the paper is thought to provide useful insights to policy makers and contribute to the overall monetary and exchange rate debate.currency board arrangement, policy misalignments, transition

The Use of Dietary Additives in Fish Stress Mitigation: Comparative Endocrine and Physiological Responses

In the last years, studies on stress attenuation in fish have progressively grown. This is mainly due to the interest of institutions, producers, aquarists and consumers in improving the welfare of farmed fish. In addition to the development of new technologies to improve environmental conditions of cultured fish, the inclusion of beneficial additives in the daily meal in order to mitigate the stress response to typical stressors (netting, overcrowding, handling, etc.) has been an important research topic. Fish are a highly diverse paraphyletic group (over 27,000 species) though teleost infraclass include around 96% of fish species. Since those species are distributed world-wide, a high number of different habitats and vital requirements exist, including a wide range of environmental conditions determining specifically the stress response. Although the generalized endocrine response to stress (based on the release of catecholamines and corticosteroids) is detectable and therefore provides essential information, a high diversity of physiological effects have been described depending on species. Moreover, recent omics techniques have provided a powerful tool for detecting specific differences regarding the stress response. For instance, for transcriptomic approaches, the gene expression of neuropeptides and other proteins acting as hormonal precursors during stress has been assessed in some fish species. The use of different additives in fish diets to mitigate stress responses has been deeply studied. Besides the species factor, the additive type also plays a pivotal role in the differentiation of the stress response. In the literature, several types of feed supplements in different species have been assayed, deriving in a series of physiological responses which have not focused exclusively on the stress system. Immunological, nutritional and metabolic changes have been reported in these experiments, always associated to endocrine processes. The biochemical nature and physiological functionality of those feed additives strongly affect the stress response and, in fact, these can act as neurotransmitters or hormone precursors, energy substrates, cofactors and other essential elements, implyingmulti-systematic and multi-organic responses. In this review, the different physiological responses among fish species fed stress-attenuating diets based on biomolecules and minerals have been assessed, focusing on the endocrine regulation and its physiological effects

Euler-Lagrange models with complex currents of three-phase electrical machines and observability issues

A new Lagrangian formulation with complex currents is developed and yields a direct and simple method for modeling three-phase permanent-magnet and induction machines. The Lagrangian is the sum a mechanical one and of a magnetic one. This magnetic Lagrangian is expressed in terms of rotor angle, complex stator and rotor currents. A complexification procedure widely used in quantum electrodynamic is applied here in order to derive the Euler-Lagrange equations with complex stator and rotor currents. Such complexification process avoids the usual separation into real and imaginary parts and simplifies notably the calculations. Via simple modifications of such magnetic Lagrangians we derive new dynamical models describing permanent-magnet machines with both saturation and saliency, and induction machines with both magnetic saturation and space harmonics. For each model we also provide its Hamiltonian thus its magnetic energy. This energy is also expressed with complex currents and can be directly used in Lyapunov and/or passivity based control. Further, we briefly investigate the observability of this class of Euler-Lagrange models, in the so-called sensorless case when the measured output is the stator current and the load torque is constant but unknown. For all the dynamical models obtained via such variational principles, we prove that their linear tangent systems are unobservable around a one-dimensional family of steady-states attached to the same constant stator voltage and current. This negative result explains why sensorless control of three-phase electrical machines around zero stator frequency remains yet a difficult control problem.Comment: Revised version. Submitted for publicatio

Description of Complete Basic Immunization Coverage Among Infant

Immunization coverage in every city/regency must be conducted in accordance with the standard coverage to suppress infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. Temanggung regency is one of the cities/regencies in Central Java Province that have not reached 100% of village universal coverage immunization (UCI). The aim of this study was to determine the coverage of complete basic immunization in infants in Temanggung regency. The design of this study was descriptive observational with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The respondents of the research were parents having babies and the sample size was 520 children. The instrument used was the Rapid Card Check Form recommended by UNICEF. The results showed that there were still infants who had not been immunized. The reasons were that the infants had low birth weight, sick children during immunization, and no support from parents. As the immunization program aims to reduce infant and child mortality, parental awareness is important to increase immunization coverage in Temanggung regency

Assessing the bias due to non-coverage of residential movers in the German microcensus panel: an evaluation using data from the socio-economic panel

The German Microcensus (MC) is a large scale rotating panel survey over three years. The MC is attractive for longitudinal analysis over the entire participation duration because of the mandatory participation and the very high case numbers (about 200 thousand respondents). However, as a consequence of the area sampling that is used for the MC , residential mobility is not covered and consequently statistical information at the new residence is lacking in theMCsample. This raises the question whether longitudinal analyses, like transitions between labour market states, are biased and how different methods perform that promise to reduce such a bias. Based on data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which covers residential mobility, we analysed the effects of missing data of residential movers by the estimation of labour force flows. By comparing the results from the complete SOEP sample and the results from the SOEP, restricted to the non-movers, we concluded that the non-coverage of the residential movers can not be ignored in Rubins sense. With respect to correction methods we analysed weighting by inverse mobility scores and loglinear models for partially observed contingency tables. Our results indicate that weighting by inverse mobility scores reduces the bias to about 60 percent whereas the official longitudinal weights obtained by calibration result in a bias reduction of about 80 percent. The estimation of loglinear models for nonignorable nonresponse leads to very unstable results. --Panel survey,labour market analysis,residential mobility,non-coverage bias,log-linear modelling,inverse probability weighting

Providing Basic Needs and Encouragement as Strategies in Managing Aggression in Dementia Clients

Purpose: The experiences of caregivers in managing dementia clients with aggressive behaviour have been an issue in nursing homes. This study utilized the fact that there is no significant strategy for managing aggression effectively. The aim of the study is to explore the experiences of caregivers in managing dementia clients with aggressive behaviour in nursing home in Jakarta, Indonesia.Method: This study employed a hermeneutic phenomenological approach so that caregivers were able to explore the phenomenon of aggression by dementia residents in the nursing home. Six experienced caregivers were interviewed in this study to uncover caregivers\u27 strategies they use in managing aggression in dementia residents.Result: The findings in this study were several strategies that have been used by caregivers to manage aggressive behaviour among dementia residents in the nursing home: providing basic needs and encouragement.Conclusion: The findings suggested caregivers to implement the strategies for managing aggression in dementia residents. Due to a limited number of related studies in Indonesia, this study recommended for further research to other nursing homes in Indonesia to determine if other strategies to manage aggression exist