Sources of BET

We investigate the sources of betting constructions, and specifically their predicates. The notion of risking something of value on an outcome is a complex one. Culturally, some degree of disposability of property is required. The concept is nevertheless lexicalized in many parts of the world. Betting takes various forms, ranging from betting between individuals, which we contend is the basic case, to betting in the context of an institution such as horse racing, cockfighting, lotteries, or on games such as card games. Taking a similar approach to Zalizniak (2008), we use polysemy as a means of investigating etymology. A sample of 271 polysemous predicates from 177 languages are surveyed, where one sense is BET. Treating relevant other senses as earlier senses, we find that the most frequent source concepts are ones that profile (in Langacker's 2008 sense) the relation between the bettor and the stake. The most frequent are SECURITY and PUT. Other important sources, profiling instead the relation between the bettors, are ARGUE, COMPETE and AGREE

The Current Status of Austric - A Review and Evaluation of the Lexical and Morphosyntactic Evidence

The purpose ofthis chapter is to review and evaluate the set of evidence that has so far appeared in support of a genetic relationship for the Austric family of languages, here defined as constituting the AN family as its eastern branch and the AA languages as its western branch. It thereby excludes consideration of evidence which suggests that the Tai-Kadai family of languages might be included as part of the family and avoids the obfuscation that discussion of the Austro-Tai hypothesis has had on the basic question of the genetic relationship ofAA and AN

Avec ou sans trait d'union : note sur le terme "Indo-chine"

Dans cet article, on tente une analyse des termes 'Indo-Chine' et 'Indochine' au regard des autres expressions usuelles actuelles et au contexte historique, en montrant en quoi le trait d'union différenciant les deux termes est de nature sémantique. En conclusion de ce travail, il est suggéré de réutiliser le terme 'Indo-Chine' pour désigner l'Asie du Sud-Est continentale (acception géographique), enrichissant ainsi un vocabulaire assez pauvre, et de réserver le terme 'Indochine' pour désigner les anciennes colonies françaises dabs cette région (acception historique et politique). (Résumé d'auteur

Negatives between Chamic and Bahnaric

The paper deals with the verb embracing double negation found in both Chamic and Bahnaric languages and with the question how it developed. We propose both an internal and external explanation. The former relates to what is called a ‘Jespersen Cycle’, a hypothesis about the renewal of single negation out of double negation, itself developing out of another single negation. The latter is language interference from Chamic to Bahnaric. We argue that the Jespersen Cycle hypothesis is more plausible for Chamic, thus revisiting Lee (1996), and that the language contact hypothesis makes more sense for Bahnaric, thus supporting a more general hypothesis about the direction of interference between the two families (Sidwell 2008: 261, 265)

Vowel height and register assignment in Katuic

As has been previously demonstrated in the literature on Katuic (Ferlus 1974a, Diffloth 1982, Sidwell 2005), there are languages in the Katuic language family, an Austroasiatic sub-branch, with register systems whose emergence cannot be comprehensively explained in terms of the classical model of registrogenesis (also called the Khmer model). These include the Pacoh and Ta’oi languages. In this article, I will present evidence that registrogenesis began in these languages in the prototypical way, but register contrast within the Proto-Katuic monophthong height series was subsequently neutralized along a particular pattern; all close vowels merged to lax register and all open vowels merged to tense register. This phenomenon is related to the restructuring of tense close vowels and lax open vowels in many register Austroasiatic languages in that tense close vowels and lax open vowels are eliminated in both cases. The origins of register development in these languages were thus obscured and subsequent vowel shifts reintroduced register contrasts that no longer correspond with proto-language initial consonant voicing. I present evidence from other Katuic languages that indicate the plausibility of these kinds of changes and, finally, I incorporate this vowel height-induced register reorganization into the classical model of registrogenesis, expanding its explanatory power to include languages that have undergone register neutralization within their vowel height series

A protocol for a systematic literature review: comparing the impact of seasonal and meteorological parameters on acute respiratory infections in Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and are often linked to seasonal and/or meteorological conditions. Globally, Indigenous peoples may experience a different burden of ARI compared to non-Indigenous peoples. This protocol outlines our process for conducting a systematic review to investigate whether associations between ARI and seasonal or meteorological parameters differ between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups residing in the same geographical region. Methodology: A search string will be used to search PubMed®, CAB Abstracts/CAB Direct©, and Science Citation Index® aggregator databases. Articles will be screened using inclusion/exclusion criteria applied first at the title and abstract level, and then at the full article level by two independent reviewers. Articles maintained after full article screening will undergo risk of bias assessment and data will be extracted. Heterogeneity tests, meta-analysis, and forest and funnel plots will be used to synthesize the results of eligible studies. Discussion and registration: This protocol paper describes our systematic review methods to identify and analyze relevant ARI, season, and meteorological literature with robust reporting. The results are intended to improve our understanding of potential associations between seasonal and meteorological parameters and ARI and, if identified, whether this association varies by place, population, or other characteristics. The protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database (#38051)

Morphological Evidence for Austric

The morphologies of certain Austroasiatic and Austronesian languages, and of the parent languages reconstructed for these two groups, are compared. Striking similarities of form and function are revealed in derivational affixes (including prefixes, infixes, and suffixes), as well as in particles with syntactic functions and in the pronoun systems. Similarities are also revealed in major syntactic features. Among the Austroasiatic languages, those of the Nicobar Islands appear to be most similar to Austronesian. A number of possible explanations for the facts revealed by this comparison are considered. The question is especially perplexing as to why Nicobarese morphology should appear so similar to Austronesian, while its lexicon resembles neither Austronesian nor to a great extent that reconstructed for its own family. The conclusion is reached that while Nicobarese is indeed a conservative Austroasiatic language, especially in its grammar, the deviance of its vocabulary may be due to a substratum-that the original inhabitants of the Nicobars may have spoken languages that were neither Austroasiatic nor Austronesian

"Omen" bariazioan

Artikulu honetan "omen" partikularen distribuzioa deskribatzen eta aztertzen saiatu gara, erdialde eta ekialdeko hizkeretan erakusten duen bariazioa aintzat hartuz. Bariazio horren azterketak hiru egitura desberdin erakutsian jartzen ditu: bata, erdialdeko hizkeretan bereziki ordezkatua dena, zeinetan "omen" moduzko partikula bat den, sintaxi aldetik buru bat dena; beste bat, ekialdeko hizkerek bakarrik erakusten dutena, zeinetan "omen" esan-entzunezko ebidentzia adierazten duen elementu konplexu bat baita, perpausaren gune izendatu batzuetan ager daitekeena. Gune horiek amankomuneko ezaugarri semantikoa dute: guztiak ere proposizio bat argumentu gisa har dezaketen operadoreak lexikalizatzen dituzten kategoria funtzionalak dira, hala nola polaritatea, modua, edota zeharkako diskurtsuari ahalbidetzen dutenak. "Omen" partikulak azkenik, ebidentzialitatea izendatuki kodetzen duen proiektzio funtzional bat gauza dezake, edo horrelako proiektzio baten espezifikatzaile izan. Bariazioaren emaitza hauek esan-entzunezko ebidentzialitatearen ikuspegi jakin bat ematen digute: haren arabera, ebidentzialitatearen adierazpenak forma sintaktiko bat baino gehiago har dezake, modalitatearen adierazpenarekin nahas daitekeena kasu batzuetan, edo izenezko elementu konplexuen eta perpaus egituraren arteko harreman sintaktikoetarik erator daitekeena destetan. Esan-entzunezko ebidentzialitate sintaktikoa beraz, baldintza batzuen pean bakarrik ematen ahal da, baina ez baitezpada, ikuspegi zurrunagoek nahiko luketen bezala, gune sintaktiko bakar baten bitartez. Alde horretatik euskarazko "omen"-en baitako bariazioaren azterketak tipologiari eta sintaxi teoriari ekarpen bat ere egiten dio

"Omen" bariazioan

Artikulu honetan "omen" partikularen distribuzioa deskribatzen eta aztertzen saiatu gara, erdialde eta ekialdeko hizkeretan erakusten duen bariazioa aintzat hartuz. Bariazio horren azterketak hiru egitura desberdin erakutsian jartzen ditu: bata, erdialdeko hizkeretan bereziki ordezkatua dena, zeinetan "omen" moduzko partikula bat den, sintaxi aldetik buru bat dena; beste bat, ekialdeko hizkerek bakarrik erakusten dutena, zeinetan "omen" esan-entzunezko ebidentzia adierazten duen elementu konplexu bat baita, perpausaren gune izendatu batzuetan ager daitekeena. Gune horiek amankomuneko ezaugarri semantikoa dute: guztiak ere proposizio bat argumentu gisa har dezaketen operadoreak lexikalizatzen dituzten kategoria funtzionalak dira, hala nola polaritatea, modua, edota zeharkako diskurtsuari ahalbidetzen dutenak. "Omen" partikulak azkenik, ebidentzialitatea izendatuki kodetzen duen proiektzio funtzional bat gauza dezake, edo horrelako proiektzio baten espezifikatzaile izan. Bariazioaren emaitza hauek esan-entzunezko ebidentzialitatearen ikuspegi jakin bat ematen digute: haren arabera, ebidentzialitatearen adierazpenak forma sintaktiko bat baino gehiago har dezake, modalitatearen adierazpenarekin nahas daitekeena kasu batzuetan, edo izenezko elementu konplexuen eta perpaus egituraren arteko harreman sintaktikoetarik erator daitekeena destetan. Esan-entzunezko ebidentzialitate sintaktikoa beraz, baldintza batzuen pean bakarrik ematen ahal da, baina ez baitezpada, ikuspegi zurrunagoek nahiko luketen bezala, gune sintaktiko bakar baten bitartez. Alde horretatik euskarazko "omen"-en baitako bariazioaren azterketak tipologiari eta sintaxi teoriari ekarpen bat ere egiten dio