Solar cell angular position transducer

An angular position transducer utilizing photocells and a light source is disclosed. The device uses a fully rotatable baffle which is connected via an actuator shaft to the body whose rotational displacement is to be measured. The baffle blocks the light path between the light source and the photocells so that a constant semicircular beam of light reaches the photocells. The current produced by the photocells is fed through a resistor, a differential amplifier measures the voltage drop across the resistor which indicates the angular position of the actuator shaft and hence of the object

Pengaruh Penempatan Baffle Blocks Tipe V Terhadap Reduksi Panjang Loncatan Air dan Energi Aliran Pada Pengalir Bendung Tipe Ogee

Water is one of the primary necessities for living beings on earth. One way to utilize water is a weir. The water level raising caused by the dam causes the flow of super critis in the downstream of the dam and will lead to water leap. The effect of this water jump is still to erode the bottom of the river downstream of the weir. To reduce the scouring downstream of stilling basin, then installed baffle blocks in stilling basin. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of weirs with ogee spill. Another test is to test the effectiveness of type V baffle blocks in reducing flow energy, water jump length and flow turbulence compared with half-cylinder block baffles. Experiments in this study were conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. This research uses flume tool with size 30 cm × 60 cm × 1000 cm, slope base 0,0058 channel. Mercu dam using ogee type. The ojek pool uses a USBR-II type using two variations of baffle blocks. Total running done as many as 35 running. The results show some conclusions. First, the best baffle block arrangement to absorb flow energy is baffle blocks with 75 ° angle placed at the beginning of the pond. secondly, the most effective baffle block position to reduce water jump length is baffle blocks with 75 ° angle placed with zig-zag position on stilling basin with performance percentage of 29.82%. Third, the performance of the most effective baffle block shape and position reduces turbulence downstream of the vortex is baffe blocks with a 75 ° angle placed in zigzag position on the stilling basin. Fourth, the comparison of the formula used between the formula of Bambang Triatmojo and also from the book of Irrigation Planning Criteria with the USBR-II graph does not have a significant difference, a considerable difference only in water jump lengths in the two formulas. Finally, Froude Number 12.28 is obtained at the lowest discharge and in the most effective baffle block arrangement proves that USBR-II usage is correct for this experiment, considering the minimum usage of USBR-II Froude Number is 4.5

Pengaruh Penempatan Baffle Blocks Tipe Cekung Setengah Lingkaran Dan Parabolik Pada Bendung Dengan Kolam Olak Tipe Solid Roller Bucket Terhadap Panjang Loncat Air Dan Kehilangan Energi

Beberapa rekayasa yang dilakukan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air adalah dengan teknologi penyimpan air (dengan dibangunnya bendungan dan embung), sedangkan untuk dapat mengalirkan dari sungai ke sawah dapat dilakukan dengan pembangunan bendung dan saluran irigasi. Peninggian muka air karena bendung akan mengakibatkan adanya aliran yang deras di bagian hilir bendung. Jika dalam suatu aliran terjadi perubahan jenis aliran dari superkritis ke subkritis, maka akan terjadi loncatan air (hydraulic jump). Untuk mereduksi energi yang terdapat di dalam aliran tersebut, maka pada kolam olak bendung biasanya dipasang baffle blocks. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penempatan baffle blocks tipe cekung setengah lingkaran dan parabolik terhadap panjang loncat air dan kehilangan energi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Hidraulika Program Studi Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik UMS. Penelitian ini menggunakan open flume berukuran 30x60x1000 cm dengan kemiringan dasar saluran 0,005. Menggunakan pelimpah ogee dengan kemiringan tubuh bendung 0,6:1, dan menggunakan kolam olak tipe solid roller bucket dengan baffle blocks tipe cekung setengah lingkaran dan parabolik ukuran 5/12 R. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 11 seri, masing-masing seri dilakukan empat tahap running dengan empat macam variasi debit, sehingga total running yang dilakukan sebanyak 44 running. Pada setiap debitnya kemudian dilakukan pengujian panjang loncat air dan kehilangan energi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa kesimpulan, pertama, susunan baffle blocks yang paling baik untuk meredam energi aliran adalah baffle blocks tipe cekung parabolik dengan posisi pada awal radius lengkung kolam olak, berlaku untuk semua nilai debit (seri P2.Q). Kedua, posisi baffle blocks yang paling efektif untuk mereduksi panjang loncat air adalah baffle blocks tipe cekung parabolik dengan posisi di antara awal dan tengah lengkung kolam olak, berlaku untuk semua nilai debit (seri P3.Q). Ketiga, Unjuk kerja dari bentuk dan posisi baffle blocks yang paling efektif untuk meredam energi aliran dan mereduksi panjang loncat air adalah baffle blocks tipe cekung parabolik dengan posisi di antara awal dan tengah lengkung kolam olak, berlaku untuk semua nilai debit (seri P3.Q)

Pengaruh Variasi Kemiringan Tubuh Hilir Bendung Dan Penempatan Baffle Blocks Pada Kolam Olak Tipe Solid Roller Bucket Terhadap Loncatan Hidrolis Dan Peredaman Energi

Salah satu konstruksi bangunan air yang digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan sumber daya air adalah bendung. Peninggian muka air karena pembendungan akan mengakibatkan adanya aliran yang deras di bagian hilir. Jika dalam suatu aliran terjadi perubahan jenis aliran dari superkritis ke subkritis, maka akan terjadi loncatan hidrolis atau yang sering disebut hydraulic jump. Guna mereduksi energi yang terdapat di dalam aliran tersebut, maka diperlukan bangunan peredam energi yaitu kolam olakan (stilling basin). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemiringan tubuh hilir bendung dan penempatan baffle blocks terhadap loncatan hidrolis dan peredaman energi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Hidraulika Program Studi Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik UMS. Penelitian ini menggunakan open flume berukuran 30x60x1000 cm dengan kemiringan dasar saluran 0,0058. Menggunakan pelimpah ogee dengan kemiringan hilir 1:4, 2:4, 3:4, 4:4 dan menggunakan kolam olak tipe solid roller bucket dengan ukuran baffle blocks 5/12 R. Penelitian dilakukan pada enam belas perlakuan (kemiringan hilir bendung dan penempatan baffle blocks) dengan empat variasi debit air dan pada setiap debitnya kemudian dilakukan pengujian turbulensi aliran, panjang pusaran air dan kehilangan energi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa kesimpulan, pertama semakin bertambahnya debit aliran, maka semakin besar turbulensi dan panjang loncatan hidrolis di hilir pusaran serta semakin kecil nilai prosentase kehilangan energinya. Kedua, susunan baffle blocks yang paling efektif dalam meredam turbulensi dan loncatan hidrolis di hilir pusaran adalah yang dipasang pada tengah-tengah radius lengkung. Ketiga, efisiensi kehilangan energi bertambah seiring berkurangnya variasi debit, perlakuan tanpa baffle blocks adalah yang paling efektif. Keempat, dengan debit aliran yang sama dari variasi kemiringan tubuh hilir bendung tidak terjadi perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap turbulensi aliran dan kehilangan energi kecuali pada panjang loncatan hidrolis, yaitu kemiringan 4:4 yang paling efekti

Pengaruh Penempatan Baffle Blocks Tipe Setengah Silinder Terhadap Reduksi Panjang Loncatan Air Dan Energi Aliran Pada Pengalir Bendung Tipe Ogee

Ncreased rainfall affects the people on the banks of the river. Utilization of water while maintaining sustainability is an indispensable action right now. Water jump is a flow of flow of flow (supercritical) in the upstream of the dam and will lead to water jump (hydrolic jump). Water jump events occur in the still pond (stilling basin) and the stilling basin design must be resistant to hydraulic forces and water velocity, thus not eroded by water jump events. Experiments in this study were conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Civil Engineering Study Program Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. This research uses flume tool with size 30 cm × 60 cm × 1000 cm, slope base 0,0058 channel. Mercu dam using ogee type. The stiling basin uses a USBR-II type with the addition of two variations of baffle block angles. The analytic results show some conclusions. First, the best baffle block arrangement to dampen the flow energy is a bendle type baffle with an angle of 75 ° placed at the beginning of the ojek pool in the ogge spill (series Z75.U). Second, the most effective baffle block position to reduce water jump length is the bendle-type baffle blocks with an angle of 75 ° placed at the beginning of the stiling basin at the ogee spill (series A75.U). Third, the work of the most effective baffle block shape and position in reducing turbulence downstream is baffe blocks with a 90 ° angle placed at the beginning of the stiling basin in the ogee sprocket (series B90.U)

Experimental Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance of Outlet Structures with Baffle Blocks under Super critical Flows

The design of outlet transition in field irrigation system requires the flow attaining a uniform velocity at the end of such structures. In addition, super critical flow condition requires maximizing the dissipation of hydraulic energy possessed by the flowing water to hold its erosion capacity to a minimum. Floor baffle blocks incorporated in the outlet transition are useful for the above objectives. This laboratory investigation attempts to evaluate the effects of the relative sizes and arrangements of different types of baffle blocks on hydraulic performances of outlet transition of different configurations operating at super critical flow conditions. Dimensional analysis techniques were used to develop dimensionless ratios describing the geometry and the flow within an outlet transition containing certain types of appurtenance structures. The solution was evaluated in the laboratory with respect to measurable elements of the flow to achieve standardization and general evaluation of the effectiveness of the different types of baffle blocks. The results are presented in the form of dimensionless plots, which show the variation of the ratios developed earlier, with the controlled variation of Froude numbers. Expanding channel outlet transitions of straight-wall type of angle 10 0 , 20 0 and 30 o with two expansion ratios of 4 and 6 were tested with and without floor baffles. The outlets with baffles are generally found to be effective in creating optimum flow conditions than the plain outlets. The use of baffles also resulted in higher dissipation of energy within the outlets, with baffles having curved upstream edge (in plan) dissipated up to 42.7% more energy than the plain outlets

Dissipation of Hydraulic Energy by Curved Baffle Blocks

Experimental evaluation of the effects of relative size, curvature and location of curved floor baffle blocks in the dissipation of energy and control of hydraulic jump is presented. The flow over floor blocks with curved upstream edges (in plan) was described by a set of dimensionless ratios using dimensional analysis techniques. The solution was evaluated in the laboratory with respect to measurable elements of the flow. The results have indicated that, for all flow conditions, the curved blocks are generally more effective in lowering the downstream kinetic energy than regular straight edges blocks; thereby, creating optimum flow conditions having lower capacity for erosion of the downstream channel bed together with economy in structural requirements

Research and advanced concepts

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