Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back-arc basins

Subduction zone magmas are characterized by high concentrations of H_(2)O, presumably derived from the subducted plate and ultimately responsible for melting at this tectonic setting. Previous studies of the role of water during mantle melting beneath back-arc basins found positive correlations between the H_(2)O concentration of the mantle (H_(2)O_o ) and the extent of melting (F), in contrast to the negative correlations observed at mid-ocean ridges. Here we examine data compiled from six back-arc basins and three mid-ocean ridge regions. We use TiO_2 as a proxy for F, then use F to calculate H_(2)O_o from measured H_(2)O concentrations of submarine basalts. Back-arc basins record up to 0.5 wt % H_(2)O or more in their mantle sources and define positive, approximately linear correlations between H_(2)O_o and F that vary regionally in slope and intercept. Ridge-like mantle potential temperatures at back-arc basins, constrained from Na-Fe systematics (1350°–1500°C), correlate with variations in axial depth and wet melt productivity (∼30–80% F/wt % H_(2)O_o ). Water concentrations in back-arc mantle sources increase toward the trench, and back-arc spreading segments with the highest mean H_(2)O_o are at anomalously shallow water depths, consistent with increases in crustal thickness and total melt production resulting from high H_(2)O. These results contrast with those from ridges, which record low H_(2)O_o (<0.05 wt %) and broadly negative correlations between H_(2)O_o and F that result from purely passive melting and efficient melt focusing, where water and melt distribution are governed by the solid flow field. Back-arc basin spreading combines ridge-like adiabatic melting with nonadiabatic mantle melting paths that may be independent of the solid flow field and derive from the H_(2)O supply from the subducting plate. These factors combine significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the integrated influence of water on melting phenomena in back-arc basin and mid-ocean ridge settings

The northern New Hebrides back-arc troughs : history and relation with the North Fiji basin

The New Hebrides back arc troughs (southwest Pacific) are located between the New Hebrides trench arc system and the active North Fiji marginal basin. They are restricted to the southern and northern segments of the arc and were generally related to effects of the Indo Australian subducting plate (rolling back and/or subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge). A detailed bathymetric and magnetic survey over the northern back arc troughs is used to propose a new model for the origin of the New Hebrides back arc troughs. The northern troughs extend over a width of 60 km and are composed of N S trending grabens and horsts, discontinuous along strike and associated with volcanism. The troughs are disrupted southward at 13° 30'S, where the Hazel Holme fracture zone intercepts the New Hebrides island arc. The E W trending Hazel Holme fracture zone is an extensional feature bisecting the North Fiji basin. In its western end, the Hazel Hohne fracture zone is composed of a succession of horsts and grabens striking N90 ° N100 ° E. Geometrical and structural relationships between the back arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone suggest that both these extensional features result from the same process and are closely linked. The northern troughs western end of the Hazel Holme fracture zone region is dominated by N130° 135°E trending magnetic lineations typical of oceanic crust. These lineations are oblique to the horsts and grabens systems, and are characteristic of the old North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Consequently we conclude that the northern back arc troughs are partly developed on the North Fiji basin oceanic basement and that extensional tectonic processes postdate the oldest North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Morphological and structural evidence suggests that both the back arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone are recent, still active and result from NE SW extensional tectonics. Because other tectonic features throughout the North Fiji basin are related to the same stress field, it is inferred that such a NE SW extension could be a large scale deformation affecting the North Fiji basin. It is proposed that the back arc troughs are primarily related to this recent extension within the North Fiji basin, but their locations along the arc are also influenced by the subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge which produces, south of 13°30'S, nearly E W trending compression and prevents the formation of troughs. Possibly, these recent extensional tectonic processes result from a major reorganization in the spreading process of the North Fiji basin, and could be as young as 0.6-0.7 Ma

Linking active margin dynamics to overriding plate deformation: Synthesizing geophysical images with geological data from the Norfolk Basin

The Tonga-Kermadec subduction system in the southwest Pacific preserves a series of crustal elements and sediments which have recorded subduction initiation, rift, and back-arc basin formation. The Norfolk Basin is the farthest landward of all back-arc basins formed in the Tonga-Kermadec region and may preserve the earliest record of subduction initiation regionally. For the Norfolk Basin, we use a set of multibeam bathymetry, magnetic, and seismic reflection and refraction data to constrain basin structure and the mode and timing of formation. A structural interpretation reveals a two-stage tectonic evolution: (1) a convergent tectonic regime until 38–34 Ma, alternatively related to island arc collision or subduction initiation, and (2) lithospheric extension after 34 Ma. These observations may help to constrain mechanical models that predict rapid extension following convergence of the overriding plate during subduction initiation or arc reversals

El volcanismo jurásico superior de la Formación Río Damas-Tordillo (33°-35,5°S): antecedentes su sobre petrogénesis, cronología, proveniencia e implicancias tectónicas

Los depósitos continentales y volcánicos de la Formación Rio Damas-Tordillo, Jurásico Superior, representan un período restringido de sedimentación continental dentro del registro mayormente marino de la Cuenca Neuquina. Datos anteriores y los presentados en este trabajo, sugieren que el cambio a un estado de mayor acoplamiento entre placas durante el Jurásico tardío (160-140 Ma), sumado a la continua efusión de material volcánico, resultaron en una progresiva emersión del dominio de arco y ante arco, para finalmente desconectar a la cuenca de tras-arco del Océano Pacífico. Este importante cambio en la configuración del margen tuvo como resultado el desarrollo de una regresión marina y posterior sedimentación continental con aportes desde el oeste, en una cuenca de tras-arco de tipo hemigraben. Una edad máxima de depositación de 146,4±4.4 Ma obtenida en la parte superior de la secuencia sedimentaria, sugiere que los potentes depósitos de volcanismo asociado a subducción, observados en la parte superior de la unidad, fueron eruptados en un período de tiempo muy restringido, lo cual probablemente fue facilitado por la presencia de estructuras extensionales relacionadas con el desarrollo de la cuenca de tras-arco. Datos geoquímicos elementales e isotópicos, junto con modelamientos de ACF, sugieren un manto astenosférico deprimido como fuente del material ígneo, y el fraccionamiento de olivino y plagioclasa, combinado con pequeños volúmenes de asimilación de corteza inferior, como los principales procesos involucrados en la evolución de los magmas. No es posible diferenciar, en términos geoquímicos, la fuente y procesos petrogenéticos del volcanismo Jurásico reconocido en la Cordillera de la Costa y el de la Formación Río Damas-Tordillo.The uppermost Jurassic continental and volcanic deposits of the Río Damas-Tordillo Formation represent an interval of intense continental deposition within the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous dominantly marine environment of the Mendoza-Neuquén back-arc basin. Stratigraphic and geochronological data indicate that progressive emersion of the arc and forearc domain, disconnecting the back-arc region from the Pacific Ocean, occurred during occurred during the Late Jurassic and probably the Early Cretaceous (~160-140 Ma). This change in the margin configuration induced a marine regression and the subsequent deposition of continental material in the back-arc basin. The most likely source of the sediments would have been the Jurassic arc, located west of the back-arc basin. The maximum depositional age of 146.4±4.4 Ma obtained from a red sandstone immediately below volcanic rocks confirms recent Tithonian maximum depositional ages assigned to the Río Damas-Tordillo Formation, and suggests that the volcanic rocks, overlain by marine fossiliferous Tithoninan-Hauterivian sequences, should have erupted within a short time span during the Late Jurassic. Volcanism was probably facilitated by the presence of extensional structures related to the formation of the back-arc basin. Elemental and isotopic data, along with forward AFC models, suggest a depleted sub-arc asthenospheric mantle source for the volcanic rocks and the fractionation of olivine and plagioclase, along with small volumes of lower crust assimilation, as the main processes involved in the magmatic evolution. It is not possible to establish a different source and petrogenetic conditions for the Río Damas-Tordillo Formation and the magmatism in the arc domain located further west, at the present-day Coastal Cordillera.Fil: Rossel, Pablo. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Oliveros, Verónica. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Mescua, Jose Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Tapia, Felipe. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas. Departamento de Geología; ChileFil: Ducea, Mihai Nicolae. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Calderón, Sergio. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas. Departamento de Geología; ChileFil: Charrier González, Reynaldo. Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas. Departamento de Geología; ChileFil: Hoffman, Derek. University of Arizona; Estados Unido

Origins of chemical diversity of back-arc basin basalts: a segment-scale study of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center

We report major, trace, and volatile element data on basaltic glasses from the northernmost segment of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC1) in the Lau back-arc basin to further test and constrain models of back-arc volcanism. The zero-age samples come from 47 precisely collected stations from an 85 km length spreading center. The chemical data covary similarly to other back-arc systems but with tighter correlations and well-developed spatial systematics. We confirm a correlation between volatile content and apparent extent of melting of the mantle source but also show that the data cannot be reproduced by the model of isobaric addition of water that has been broadly applied to back-arc basins. The new data also confirm that there is no relationship between mantle temperature and the wet melting productivity. Two distinct magmatic provinces can be identified along the ELSC1 axis, a southern province influenced by a “wet component” with strong affinities to arc volcanism and a northern province influenced by a “damp component” intermediate between enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB) and arc basalts. High–field strength elements and rare earth elements are all mobilized to some extent by the wet component, and the detailed composition of this component is determined. It differs in significant ways from the Mariana component reported by E. Stolper and S. Newman (1994), particularly by having lower abundances of most elements relative to H_(2)O. The differences can be explained if the slab temperature is higher for the Mariana and the source from which the fluid is derived is more enriched. The ELSC1 damp component is best explained by mixing between the wet component and an E-MORB-like component. We propose that mixing between water-rich fluids and low-degree silicate melts occurs at depth in the subduction zone to generate the chemical diversity of the ELSC1 subduction components. These modified sources then rise independently to the surface and melt, and these melts mix with melts of the background mantle from the ridge melting regime to generate the linear data arrays characteristic of back-arc basalts. The major and trace element framework for ELSC1, combined with different slab temperatures and compositions for difference convergent margins, may be able to be applied to other back-arc basins around the globe

The Cadomian Orogeny and the opening of the Rheic Ocean: The diacrony of

Cadomian orogenic processes and their continuum to the opening of the Rheic Ocean were modeled by making use of new LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages from detrital zircons of sedimentary rocks of Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) and Cambro-Ordovician sediments of the Ossa-Morena Zone (Iberian Massif) compared with those from the Saxo-Thuringian Zones (Bohemian Massif). Presented data constrain a diachrony of Cadomian and related geotectonic processes along the northern realm of the Gondwana Supercontinent. Early stage of Cadomian evolution is characterized by a continental magmatic arc at the periphery of the West African Craton and a related back-arc basin opened at c. 590 to 570 Ma. Diacronic arc–continent collision was caused by oblique vector of subduction and started first in the East of Peri-Gondwana at c. 560–570 Ma and resulted at c. 543 Ma in the formation of a short-lived Cadomian retro-arc basin in the Saxo-Thuringian Zone. In contrast, more to the West in the Ossa-Morena Zone, the Cadomian back-arc basin was longer active, at least until c. 545 Ma. In that region, final magmatic pulse of the Cadomian magmatic arc at c. 550 Ma is documented by new zircon data. Closure of the Cadomian back-arc basin and arc–continent collision in the Ossa-Morena Zone occurred between c. 545 Ma and the overall onset of Cambrian plutonism at c. 540 Ma. A mid-oceanic ridge was subducted underneath the Cadomian orogen accompanied by slab break-off of the subducted oceanic plate. Oblique incision of the oceanic ridge into the continent caused the formation of rift basins during the Lower to Middle Cambrian (c. 530–500 Ma). This process continued and finally caused the opening of the Rheic Ocean documented by thick Lower Ordovician siliciclastic sediments and a final magmatic event at c. 490–485 Ma. Opening of the Cambrian rift basin and of the Rheic Ocean again was diachronic and started from the West of Peri-Gondwana and expanded eastward

Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: a test of depth-dependent stretching models

Subsidence analysis of the eastern Black Sea basin suggests that the stratigraphy of this deep, extensional basin can be explained by a predominantly pure-shear stretching history. A strain-rate inversion method that assumes pure-shear extension obtains good fits between observed and predicted stratigraphy. A relatively pure-shear strain distribution is also obtained when a strain-rate inversion algorithm is applied that allows extension to vary with depth without assuming its existence or form. The timing of opening of the eastern Black Sea, which occupied a back-arc position during the closure of the Tethys Ocean, has also been a subject of intense debate; competing theories called for basin opening during the Jurassic, Cretaceous or Paleocene/Eocene. Our work suggests that extension likely continued into the early Cenozoic, in agreement with stratigraphic relationships onshore and with estimates for the timing of arc magmatism. Further basin deepening also appears to have occurred in the last 20 myr. This anomalous subsidence event is focused in the northern part of the basin and reaches its peak at 15–10 Ma. We suggest that this comparatively localized shortening is associated with the northward movement of the Arabian plate. We also explore the effects of paleowater depth and elastic thickness on the results. These parameters are controversial, particularly for deep-water basins and margins, but their estimation is a necessary step in any analysis of the tectonic subsidence record stored in stratigraphy. <br/

Mantle Melting as a Function of Water Content beneath the Mariana Arc

Subduction zone magmas are characterized by high concentrations of pre-eruptive H_2O, presumably as a result of an H_2Oflux originating from the dehydrating, subducting slab. The extent of mantle melting increases as a function of increasing water content beneath back-arc basins and is predicted to increase in a similar manner beneath arc volcanoes. Here, we present new data for olivine-hosted, basaltic melt inclusions from the Mariana arc that reveal pre-eruptive H_2O contents of ~1•5-6•0 wt %, which are up to three times higher than concentrations reported for the Mariana Trough back-arc basin. Major element systematics of arc and back-arc basin basalts indicate that the back-arc basin melting regime does not simply mix with wet, arc-derived melts to produce the observed range of back-arc magmatic H_2O concentrations. Simple melting models reveal that the trend of increasing extents of melting with increasing H_2O concentrations of the mantle source identified in the Mariana Trough generally extends beneath the Mariana volcanic front to higher mantle water contents and higher extents of melting. In detail, however, each Mariana volcano may define a distinct relationship between extent of melting and the H_2O content of the mantle source. We develop a revised parameterization of hydrous melting, incorporating terms for variable pressure and mantle fertility, to describe the distinct relationships shown by each arc volcano. This model is used in combination with thermobarometry constraints to show that hydrous melts equilibrate at greater depths (34-87 km) and temperatures (>1300°C) beneath the Mariana arc than beneath the back-arc basin (21-37 km), although both magma types can form from a mantle of similar potential temperature (~1350°C).The difference lies in where the melts form and equilibrate. Arc melts are dominated by those that equilibrate within the hot core of the mantle wedge, whereas back-arc melts are dominated by those that equilibrate within the shallow zone of decompression melting beneath the spreading center. Despite higher absolute melting temperatures (>1300°C), Mariana arc melts reflect lower melt productivity as a result of wet melting conditions and a more refractory mantle source

New Permo-Carboniferous geochemical data from central Thailand: implication for a volcanic arc model

Current ideas and models of geotectonic reconstructions of Southeast Asia are reviewed and new data on Late Carboniferous through Middle Permian tuffites and sills from central Thailand are presented in the light of the problems of Southeast Asian palaeogeography. The volcanic rocks of quartz-keratophyric to spilitic composition are associated with platform carbonates and deep basin sediments. Their geochemistry and the character of the accompanying sediments suggest the existence of a Late Palaeozoic volcanic arc separating a subduction zone in the west from a back arc basin to the east. The geotectonic frame of Southeast Asia is explained in terms of repeated accretion of volcanic arcs by the Late Palaeozoic subduction zone along the northern Tethys margin

Hydrothermal activity and magma genesis along a propagating back-arc basin: Valu Fa Ridge (southern Lau Basin)

Valu Fa Ridge is an intraoceanic back-arc spreading center located at the southern prolongation of the Lau basin. Bathymetric observations as well as detailed sampling have been carried out along the spreading axis in order to trace hydrothermal and volcanic activity and to study magma generation processes. The survey shows that widespread lava flows from recent volcanic eruptions covered most of the Vai Lili hydrothermal vent field; only diffuse low-temperature discharge and the formation of thin layers of siliceous precipitates have been observed. Evidence of present-day hydrothermal activity at the Hine Hina site is indicated by a thermal anomaly in the overlying water column. Our studies did not reveal any signs of hydrothermal activity either above the seismically imaged magma chamber at 22°25′S or across the southern rift fault zone (22°51′S). Lavas recovered along the Valu Fa Ridge range from basaltic andesites to rhyolites with SiO2 contents higher than reported from any other intraoceanic back-arc basin. On the basis of the highly variable degrees of crystal fractionation along axis, the development of small disconnected magma bodies is suggested. In addition, the geochemical character of the volcanic rocks shows that the transition zone from oceanic spreading to propagating rifting is located south of the Hine Hina vent field in the vicinity of 22°35′S