EFISIENSI INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI BATIK CETAK DENGAN METODE FISIKA-KIMIA DAN BIOLOGI TERHADAP PENURUNAN PARAMETER PENCEMAR (BOD, COD, dan LOGAM BERAT KROM (Cr) (Studi Kasus di Desa Butulan Makam Haji Sukoharjo)

Population growth and development dynamics is accompained by development of public culture causes requirement of food, clothing and housing also increases. Industrial of printed batik besides yielding printed product which can fulfill requirement in clothing area, but also yields by product most off all in the form of liquid waste having physics characteristic( temperature, turbidity and colours), and chemistry characteristic (COD, BOD, chrome heavy metal (Cr) and exponent hydrogen (pH))) which if when is not managed carefully can generate contamination to environment, so that with the characteristic need to be done processing with method physical-chemistry and biology to reduce parameter in order not to destroy environment and endangers healt before thrown to environment.Purpose of research is to determine level of physics liquid waste pollutant parameter (temperature, turbidity, colour), chemistry parameter (COD,BOD chrome heavy metal (Cr) and exponent hydrogen (pH)). Installation efficiency of waste treatment of printed batik liquid and Freundlich constant for adsorption of zeolit in filtration unit. Research method applied is research of experimental that is by doing watcher, observation, and does attempt in installation unit of wastetreatment of industrial liquid of print batic in countryside Butulan Makam Haji Sub Province Sukoharjo. From research which has been done by result based on data analysis after processing with method physical-chemistry and biology, level physics parameter (temperature 26 o C, density 1.503 gr/ml , viscosity 0,010 cP. While average of chemistry parameter (COD mg/l, BOD mg/l, chrome heavy metal mg/l and hydrogen in exponent (pH)) in Fundamental laboratory Chemical Engineering UNS, and central laboratory UNS each as follow, with wash basin(181, 127, 02258 and 9.7), bar screen (95, 75, 0. 2715, and 8,9), sedimentation basin I( 75 . 63. 0.2715. and 7.6), floculation basin(65. 53.6 . 0.2037.and 7.6) . sedimentation basin II (55 . 44. 0. 2019. and 7.6) . filtration basin( 42. 29. 0.088 and 7.4) and biology basin (29 . 19. 0.086 and 7.4). Level eficiency overall waste treatment of industrial liquid of print batic based on degradation of parameter COD, BOD and chrome heavy metal in the range of 80 – 84 %. Constanta Freundlih based on parameter COD (k F = 5.202 x 10 -5 annalysisd n = 9,990) . based BOD (k F = 3.432 and n = 2.323) Based on inferential data analysis and solution that waste treatment of printed batik liquid with method physical-chemistry and biology to degradation COD, BOD and chrome heavy mttal (Cr) inferential level of efficiency shiffts 80-84 % Key word : COD. BOD and chrome heavy metal , efficiency waste treatment process of industrial liquid of print bati

A decision support tool for landfill methane generation and gas collection

This study presents a decision support tool (DST) to enhance methane generation at individual landfill sites. To date there is no such tool available to provide landfill decision makers with clear and simplified information to evaluate biochemical processes within a landfill site, to assess performance of gas production and to identify potential remedies to any issues. The current lack in understanding stems from the complexity of the landfill waste degradation process. Two scoring sets for landfill gas production performance are calculated with the tool: (1) methane output score which measures the deviation of the actual methane output rate at each site which the prediction generated by the first order decay model LandGEM; and (2) landfill gas indicators’ score, which measures the deviation of the landfill gas indicators from their ideal ranges for optimal methane generation conditions. Landfill gas indicators include moisture content, temperature, alkalinity, pH, BOD, COD, BOD/COD ratio, ammonia, chloride, iron and zinc. A total landfill gas indicator score is provided using multi-criteria analysis to calculate the sum of weighted scores for each indicator. The weights for each indicator are calculated using an analytical hierarchical process. The tool is tested against five real scenarios for landfill sites in UK with a range of good, average and poor landfill methane generation over a one year period (2012). An interpretation of the results is given for each scenario and recommendations are highlighted for methane output rate enhancement. Results demonstrate how the tool can help landfill managers and operators to enhance their understanding of methane generation at a site-specific level, track landfill methane generation over time, compare and rank sites, and identify problems areas within a landfill site

Linguistic Constraints in LFG-DOP

LFG-DOP (Bod and Kaplan, 1998, 2003) provides an appealing answer to the question of how probabilistic methods can be incorporated into linguistic theory. However, despite its attractions, the standard model of LFG-DOP suffers from serious problems of overgeneration, because (a) it is unable to define fragments of the right level of generality, and (b) it has no way of capturing the effect of anything except simple positive constraints. We show how the model can be extended to overcome these problems. The question of how probabilistic methods should be incorporated into linguistic theory is important from both a practical, grammar engineering, perspective, and from the perspective of ‘pure ’ linguistic theory. From a practical point of view such techniques are essential if a system is to achieve a useful breadth of coverag

Analysis of auto-purification response of the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa, to treated wastewater effluent

The assimilative capacity of water bodies is an important factor in the integrated management of surface water resources. The current study examined the auto-recovery processes of the Apies River from wastewater discharged into it from a municipal wastewater treatment facility, using a series of equations, including the modified Streeter-Phelps equation. Field data obtained include dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, stream velocity, depth, and width. Water samples were also obtained at 10 sampling stations for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) using standard methods. It was observed that the DO and BOD level (5.59 mg/L and 8.5 mg/L respectively) of the effluent from the wastewater treatment facility indicated better water quality than the Apies River background DO level (5.42 mg/L) and BOD level (13 mg/L). Also, at 270 m downstream of the effluent discharge point, another effluent stream (Skinnerspruit) adversely impacted on the Apies River with DO and BOD levels of 6.5 mg/L and 9.0 mg/L, respectively, compared to the Apies River background values of 6.81 mg/L and 8.0 mg/L, respectively. The stream, however, recovered well from both the background and imposed pollution sources as it had a computed positive auto-recovery factor of 1.74. Furthermore, the measured DO deficit was plotted against predicted DO deficit. The plot revealed a close match between the measured and predicted DO deficit, indicating that the model could be used for predicting DO deficit along other segments of the river. To further improve on the natural auto-recovery processes of the Apies River, it was recommended that flow along the Skinnerspruit should be enhanced by clearing the observed aquatic plants growing within the channel. Also, suspected pollution activities taking place further upstream on the Apies River should be investigated and appropriately addressed

Land Use Change and Ecosystem Valuation in North Georgia

A model of land allocation at the aggregate watershed level was developed assuming profit/net benefit maximization under risk neutrality. The econometric land use model was analyzed as an equation by equation SURE model as all the independent variables were the same for both equations. In analyzing effect of land use change on water quality, we took year 2005 as our baseline and postulated three land use scenarios. We applied Benefit Transfer techniques to value water quality changes resulting from land use change and estimated lower bounds for WTP to improve water quality to meet the FCB criterion for drinking water supply and fishing waters and BOD (DO) criteria for fishing waters. Water quality modeling revealed that land use change would result in increased runoff, and associated increase in FCB and BOD/DO violations. But the BOD/DO violations could be curtailed by managing urban growth as evidenced absence of BOD violations in the managed growth scenario. Our study finds there may be problems of FCB under all postulated future land use scenarios. The findings also support existing literature that there are problems with FCB violation in the study area at the moment. Finally, it seems that the people of UCRB would be willing to pay a lower bound value between USD 15,785,740 and USD 16,141,230 per year to create and maintain quality standards for fishing and drinking water supply.Ecosystem, Economic value, North Georgia, land use, land use change, fish, water quality, structural time series, willingness to pay, benefit transfer, forecasting, vector autoregression, Upper Chattahoochee River, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use,

Bio-Processes of the Oxidation Ditch When Subjected to a Sub-Arctic Climate

Alaska's far northern area is sparsely populated primarily because of a severe climate which varies from northern temperate to Arctic. Construction and power costs are high. Skilled operating personnel are scarce and expensive, if available. Receiving streams are said to be delicate, particularily in the winter, when little possibility for reaeration exists due to a total ice cover. The oxidation ditch modification of the extended aeration activated sludge process appears to be well suited for the treatment of wastes in this environment. Past operating data on a plant of this type located in Interior Alaska (near Fairbanks) indicated it may be well suited to treat small volumes of domestic waste economically, with low sludge production, and minimal sensitivity to low temperatures.The work reported on herein was done under Contract No. RFP DACA 897l- R-0006 from the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire