Snapshot Estimation Algorithms for GNSS Mass-Market Receivers

This thesis resumes the PhD program carried out in the signal processing, satellite positioning and telecommunication fields, within the Navigation, Signal Analysis and Simulation (NavSAS) group, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET) of Politecnico di Torino, in the period going from January 2012 to December 2014. The main topic of the PhD activity is represented by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers core technologies. In particular, it deals with the design, development, test and performance assessment of innovative architectures, techniques, and algorithms for Global Positioning System (GPS) and Galileo receivers, both professional high performance and commercial mass-market. GPS, and in general GNSSs are radio-communication infrastructures, aimed to enable a generic user to compute Position, Velocity and Time (PVT). The signals transmitted by a constellation of satellites are processed by an electronic device, performing trilateration with respect to the satellites, taken as reference points. At least 4 satellites are required to be in Line of Sight (LOS) with the receiver, so as to obtain 4 different signals and to solve the 4 navigation unknowns: latitude, longitude, height and time. Since their first appearance, in the early seventies, GNSS chipsets and devices are gaining a fundamental role in most applications of everyday life, and their global market continues to grow rapidly. In 25 years, GNSS receivers became extremely used worldwide, not only for positioning and navigation purposes, but also for time synchronization, thus spanning an unlimited range of applications, from commercial to scientific, from military to recreational. GNSS mass-market receivers are extremely widespread, produced in very high volume—hundreds of millions just for smartphones and tablets—and sold at a limited price. This variety of applications and possibilities represents the main reason of the continuous growth of the GNSS field: in fact, new systems are emerging beside GPS, such as GLONASS, currently operational and in expansion, Galileo and Beidou. With the latest trends of multi-constellation receivers, the positioning accuracy can greatly improve, as well as its robustness, availability, reliability, but at the expense of a greater complexity and power consumption

DRONE DELIVERY OF CBNRECy – DEW WEAPONS Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD)

Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD) is our sixth textbook in a series covering the world of UASs and UUVs. Our textbook takes on a whole new purview for UAS / CUAS/ UUV (drones) – how they can be used to deploy Weapons of Mass Destruction and Deception against CBRNE and civilian targets of opportunity. We are concerned with the future use of these inexpensive devices and their availability to maleficent actors. Our work suggests that UASs in air and underwater UUVs will be the future of military and civilian terrorist operations. UAS / UUVs can deliver a huge punch for a low investment and minimize human casualties.https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1046/thumbnail.jp

PEMANFAATAN GPS TERHADAP KENDALI OTOMATIS PADA DRONE PEMANTAU KEADAAN LALU LINTAS

Science and technology in the field of robotics at the moment is developing very quickly. One type of robot that is most widely developed during the noodles are flying robot or commonly called drones. At the time of noodles, quadcopter robot is controlled manually by humans using the remote control. Under these conditions, there is a desire to contribute to the development of technology quadcopter is by designing an autopilot system quadcopter robot-based positioning using GPS (Global Positioning System). The system is made, nantinva can make quadcopter robot, fly automated manner using input and GPS coordinates without manual control and human. Humans only need to determine the coordinates of points of interest and quadcopter Flight controller pixhawk kind used as a base autopilot Control the process all the data input and output on a GPS system that is functioning to read the coordinates of the Earth used sebagat flight data base

International Competition for Satellite-Based Navigation System Services

The goal of this work is to review the current state of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) development and its potential impact on the social, economic, and political dynamics of the various states fielding the systems. The most recognizable GNSS is the US GPS. It is the only operational system functioning at the time of this writing and has become part of the global commons. GPS, by virtue of its uniqueness, is considered the \u27gold standard\u27 of satellite based positioning, navigation, and timing systems. This uniqueness has also enabled the US to fully capitalize on the sizable economic dividends gained by the US technology sector from the development and sales of GPS user equipment and services. This work argues that the emergence of three global peer competitors to GPS is going to usher in a changed international relations environment for those new players. The economic implications go beyond a simple return on investment and could represent the continued space science and technical competitiveness of these states or not. The international political ramifications of the success or failure of the particular GNSSs could have a greater impact on the current international order than has been previously considered. The European Union, Russia, and China have become inexorably locked in a contest of domestic political will to field the next generation of GNSS in order to free themselves from US GPS domination and at the same time gain economic advantage over the other in space system technologies. Concurrently, the US is endeavoring to field the next generation of GPS and maintain its dominance in the associated technologies linked to GPS

Seamless Positioning and Navigation in Urban Environment

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

Cyber-Human Systems, Space Technologies, and Threats

CYBER-HUMAN SYSTEMS, SPACE TECHNOLOGIES, AND THREATS is our eighth textbook in a series covering the world of UASs / CUAS/ UUVs / SPACE. Other textbooks in our series are Space Systems Emerging Technologies and Operations; Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD); Disruptive Technologies with applications in Airline, Marine, Defense Industries; Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land; Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technologies and Operations; Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Cyber Domain: Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 2nd edition; and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the Cyber Domain Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 1st edition. Our previous seven titles have received considerable global recognition in the field. (Nichols & Carter, 2022) (Nichols, et al., 2021) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2019) (Nichols R. K., 2018) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2022)https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1052/thumbnail.jp

A Portuguese Case Study

There is a high national dependency on Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) Systems for several individuals, services and organisations that depend on this information on a daily basis. Those who rely on precise, accurate and continuous information need to have resilient systems in order to be highly efficient and reliable. A resilient structure and constantly available systems makes it easier to predict a threat or rapidly recover in a hazardous environment. One of these organisations is the Portuguese Navy, whose main purposes are to combat and maintain maritime safety. In combat, resilient PNT systems are needed for providing robustness in case of any threat or even a simple occasional system failure. In order to guarantee maritime safety, for example in Search and Rescue Missions, the need of PNT information is constant and indispensable for positioning control. The large diversity of PNT-dependent equipment, developed over the last two decades, is a valid showcase for the high GPS dependency that is seen nowadays – which is vulnerable to various factors like interference, jamming, spoofing and ionospheric conditions. The recent interest over integrated PNT system resolutions is related to the search for redundancy, accuracy, precision, availability, low cost, coverage, reliability and continuity. This study aimed to build a current PNT Portuguese picture based on Stakeholder Analysis and Interviews; assess the vulnerability of those who depend mainly on GPS for PNT information and, find out what the next steps should be in order to create a National PNT Strategy.Existe uma elevada dependência nacional em sistemas de Posição, Navegação e Tempo (PNT) por parte de diversos indivíduos, serviços e organizações que dependem desta informação no seu dia-a-dia. Todos os que dependem de informação precisa, exata e contínua, necessitam de ter sistemas resilientes para que sejam altamente eficientes e fiáveis. Uma estrutura resiliente e sistemas continuamente disponíveis facilitam a previsão de possíveis ameaças ou a expedita recuperação da funcionalidade, em ambientes hostis. Uma destas organizações é a Marinha Portuguesa cujas funções principais são o combate, a salvaguarda da vida humana no mar e a segurança marítima e da navegação. Para o combate, são necessários sistemas PNT, resilientes, que ofereçam robustez em caso de uma simples ameaça ou falha temporária dos sistemas. Por forma a ser possível cumprir a missão, a necessidade de ter informação PNT, fidedigna e atualizada, é constante e indispensável para o controlo preciso e exato da posição. Uma unidade naval, por forma a permanecer continuamente no mar, manter a sua prontidão, treinar a sua guarnição ou ser empenhada num cenário de guerra, necessita de saber, com confiança e sem erros, a sua posição e referência de tempo. A grande diversidade de sistemas dependentes de informação PNT, desenvolveu-se em larga escala nas últimas duas décadas e sustenta cada vez mais a alta dependência do GPS, que é vulnerável a diversas fontes de erro, tais como interferência, empastelamento, mistificação e condições ionosféricas. Atualmente, o elevado interesse na criação de sistemas PNT integrados está associado à procura da redundância, exatidão, precisão, disponibilidade, baixo custo, cobertura, fiabilidade e continuidade. Este estudo teve como objetivos construir o panorama atual, em Portugal, ao nível dos Sistemas PNT, baseando-se numa análise de Stakeholders e entrevistas; avaliar a vulnerabilidade de organizações e serviços que dependam exclusivamente do GPS como fonte de informação PNT; e propor um possível caminho para que seja possível criar uma Estratégia PNT Naciona

The regime complex of global space governance : the international space politics of the 21st century

Post-Cold War trends in national space-capability building and the liberalization of the global space economy have expanded the concerns of states in international astropolitics from security as such to other issue areas, including safety, economic growth and social development, and sustainability. Since the beginning of the 21st Century, the constellation of international space regimes has continued to expand, while the global governing architecture has fragmented. Within a ‘regime complex’ analytical framework, this work presents two interpretive narratives of the strategic, functional and organizational aspects that explain the design and evolution of ‘the regime complex of global space security governance’ and ‘the GNSSs regime complex’. The case studies chart the dynamics of international space politics and analyze the growing structural fragmentation of the complex global scheme of space governance. An additional enabling factor such as innovation was identified as vital to reinforce the growth of regime complex in global space governance

Space Systems: Emerging Technologies and Operations

SPACE SYSTEMS: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND OPERATIONS is our seventh textbook in a series covering the world of UASs / CUAS/ UUVs. Other textbooks in our series are Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD); Disruptive Technologies with applications in Airline, Marine, Defense Industries; Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land; Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technologies and Operations; Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Cyber Domain: Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 2nd edition; and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the Cyber Domain Protecting USA\u27s Advanced Air Assets, 1st edition. Our previous six titles have received considerable global recognition in the field. (Nichols & Carter, 2022) (Nichols et al., 2021) (Nichols R. K. et al., 2020) (Nichols R. et al., 2020) (Nichols R. et al., 2019) (Nichols R. K., 2018) Our seventh title takes on a new purview of Space. Let\u27s think of Space as divided into four regions. These are Planets, solar systems, the great dark void (which fall into the purview of astronomers and astrophysics), and the Dreamer Region. The earth, from a measurement standpoint, is the baseline of Space. It is the purview of geographers, engineers, scientists, politicians, and romantics. Flying high above the earth are Satellites. Military and commercial organizations govern their purview. The lowest altitude at which air resistance is low enough to permit a single complete, unpowered orbit is approximately 80 miles (125 km) above the earth\u27s surface. Normal Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite launches range between 99 miles (160 km) to 155 miles (250 km). Satellites in higher orbits experience less drag and can remain in Space longer in service. Geosynchronous orbit is around 22,000 miles (35,000 km). However, orbits can be even higher. UASs (Drones) have a maximum altitude of about 33,000 ft (10 km) because rotating rotors become physically limiting. (Nichols R. et al., 2019) Recreational drones fly at or below 400 ft in controlled airspace (Class B, C, D, E) and are permitted with prior authorization by using a LAANC or DroneZone. Recreational drones are permitted to fly at or below 400 ft in Class G (uncontrolled) airspace. (FAA, 2022) However, between 400 ft and 33,000 ft is in the purview of DREAMERS. In the DREAMERS region, Space has its most interesting technological emergence. We see emerging technologies and operations that may have profound effects on humanity. This is the mission our book addresses. We look at the Dreamer Region from three perspectives:1) a Military view where intelligence, jamming, spoofing, advanced materials, and hypersonics are in play; 2) the Operational Dreamer Region; whichincludes Space-based platform vulnerabilities, trash, disaster recovery management, A.I., manufacturing, and extended reality; and 3) the Humanitarian Use of Space technologies; which includes precision agriculture wildlife tracking, fire risk zone identification, and improving the global food supply and cattle management. Here’s our book’s breakdown: SECTION 1 C4ISR and Emerging Space Technologies. C4ISR stands for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance. Four chapters address the military: Current State of Space Operations; Satellite Killers and Hypersonic Drones; Space Electronic Warfare, Jamming, Spoofing, and ECD; and the challenges of Manufacturing in Space. SECTION 2: Space Challenges and Operations covers in five chapters a wide purview of challenges that result from operations in Space, such as Exploration of Key Infrastructure Vulnerabilities from Space-Based Platforms; Trash Collection and Tracking in Space; Leveraging Space for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management; Bio-threats to Agriculture and Solutions From Space; and rounding out the lineup is a chapter on Modelling, Simulation, and Extended Reality. SECTION 3: Humanitarian Use of Space Technologies is our DREAMERS section. It introduces effective use of Drones and Precision Agriculture; and Civilian Use of Space for Environmental, Wildlife Tracking, and Fire Risk Zone Identification. SECTION 3 is our Hope for Humanity and Positive Global Change. Just think if the technologies we discuss, when put into responsible hands, could increase food production by 1-2%. How many more millions of families could have food on their tables? State-of-the-Art research by a team of fifteen SMEs is incorporated into our book. We trust you will enjoy reading it as much as we have in its writing. There is hope for the future.https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1047/thumbnail.jp