Approximation schemes satisfying Shapiro's Theorem

An approximation scheme is a family of homogeneous subsets $(A_n)$ of a quasi-Banach space $X$, such that $A_1 \subsetneq A_2 \subsetneq ... \subsetneq X$, $A_n + A_n \subset A_{K(n)}$, and $\bar{\cup_n A_n} = X$. Continuing the line of research originating at a classical paper by S.N. Bernstein (in 1938), we give several characterizations of the approximation schemes with the property that, for every sequence $\{\epsilon_n\}\searrow 0$, there exists $x\in X$ such that $dist(x,A_n)\neq \mathbf{O}(\epsilon_n)$ (in this case we say that $(X,\{A_n\})$ satisfies Shapiro's Theorem). If $X$ is a Banach space, $x \in X$ as above exists if and only if, for every sequence $\{\delta_n\} \searrow 0$, there exists $y \in X$ such that $dist(y,A_n) \geq \delta_n$. We give numerous examples of approximation schemes satisfying Shapiro's Theorem.Comment: 41 pages, Submitted to a Journal. A natural continuation of this paper is also downloadable at Arxiv: See J. M. Almira and T. Oikhberg, "Shapiro's theorem for Subspaces", at arXiv:1009.5535v

Characterization of approximation schemes satisfying Shapiro's Theorem

In this paper we characterize the approximation schemes that satisfy Shapiro's theorem and we use this result for several classical approximation processes. In particular, we study approximation of operators by finite rank operators and n-term approximation for several dictionaries and norms. Moreover, we compare our main theorem with a classical result by Yu. Brundyi and we show two examples of approximation schemes that do not satisfy Shapiro's theorem.Comment: This paper has been withdrawn by the author because a full revision of it, with new and powerful contents, has been made with the help of another author and now the paper has been transformed in another completely different one which is common work with T. Oikhber