Gloriosa superba L: A critical Review of Recent Advances

Gloriosa superba is a flowering plant belongs to Colchicaceae. It refers to full of glory', and the superba refers ‘superb’ referring to the outstanding red and yellow flowers. G. superba is a highly toxic plant, due to the presence of an alkaloid, ‘Colchicine’. Adequate ingestion of this alkaloid could cause fatalities to humans and animals. Despite its toxicity, G. superba considered as a medicinal plant because of its medicinal constituents and properties such as colchicine, gloriosine, pungent, bitter, acrid, heating, anthelmintic, laxative, alexiteric, and abortifacient. G. superba utilized for the treatment of snakebite, scorpion stings, parasitic skin disease, urological pains, colic, chronic ulcers, piles, gonorrhoea, gout, infertility, wounds, arthritis, cholera, kidney problems, itching, leprosy, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, and countless other diseases. This plant listed under the threatened category due to its indiscreet reaping from the wild as medicinal industries widely use it for its colchicine content. Field study and secondary sources were used to abridge the information on the recent advancement study of G. superba. In the present review, the information regarding the occurrence, botanical description, propagation, medicinal application pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, biological, and toxicological studies of G. superba and its recent advancement has been summarized. The detailed study of G. superba with current trends helps the researcher to focus on the future development needed for its conservation

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS OF GLORIOSA SUPERBA

Objectives: The aim of this research work was to carry out the phytochemical screening and to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the whole plant extract (shoot, flower, and tuber) of the flame lily (Gloriosa superba). Materials and Methods: In the current work, phytochemicals were extracted from different parts of the plant using different solvents dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, and ethanol (ETOH). These phytochemicals contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, aromatic acids, phenolic compounds, xanthoproteins, triterpenoids, amino acids, philobatinins, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, and proteins and they were separated using standard methods. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities of methanolic separation were determined using various species of bacteria and fungi. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial activity and the zone of the inhibition was analyzed. Results: The evaluation of preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts indicated the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and phlobatannins. Tuber extracts highlighted effective antibacterial and antifungal activities compared with shoot and flower extracts against all the tested bacteria and fungi. ETOH extract of the tuber observed highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (19 mm), followed by Escherichia coli (18 mm), Micrococcus luteus (17 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17 mm), and Salmonella abony (16 mm) when compared to shoot and flower extracts. G. superba tuber extracts highlighted effective antifungal activities compared with shoot and flower extracts against all the tested fungi. ETOH extract of the tuber observed highest antifungal activity against Rhizopus oryzae (20.17 mm), followed by Mucor Sp. (19.87 mm), Aspergillus niger (18.02), Candida krusei (17.98 mm), and Candida albicans (16.88 mm) as compared to shoot and flower extracts. Conclusion: Results of the current studies flame lily ETOH extracts showed that the plant has significant antimicrobial activities. The strong antibacterial and antifungal activities of flame lily are due to the presence of tannins and flavonoids present in

Analysis of Metal Content of Samples of Gloriosa Superba L (Colchicaceae) Collected from Two Different Locations in Pakistan

Purpose: To determine the metallic content of different parts of Gloriosa superba collected from two different locations in Pakistan, and also to assess their nutritious values and toxic levels.Methods: The plant material and soil were collected from two different locations - polluted and unpolluted. Wet digestion method was used for the preparation of samples (whole plant and soil) followed by analysis using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (for micronutrients) and flame photometry (for macronutrients).Results: Of the detected micronutrients, high concentrations of Zn, Fe and Mn were noted for samples collected from both areas. These values were within permissible limits. Samples collected from the polluted area contained Cu (7.5 – 13.0 ppm), Cr (1.4 − 1.9 ppm) and Ni (0.3 − 2.0 ppm), all of which exceeded acceptable limits; the same nutrients were mostly within acceptable limits for samples collected from the unpolluted area. Significant presence of macronutrients - Ca, Na and K - were observed in samples obtained from both areas.Conclusion: Proper validation of medicinal plants used for therapeutic purposes should be mandatory on safety grounds to protect consumers from contaminants.Keywords: Gloriosa superba, Micronutrients, Macronutrients, Toxicity, Metal ions, Medicinal plant

A REVIEW ON THE PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF GLORIOSA SUPERBA & SOLANUM TRILOBATUM

Plant-derived bioactive chemicals may treat cancer and cardiovascular disease. This review examines Gloriosa superba, the glory lily, and Solanum trilobatum, a therapeutic herb. Gloriosa superba is a potential cancer treatment because it has a wide range of phytochemicals, mostly alkaloids, and anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Its various plant parts are traditionally used to address ailments ranging from skin conditions to inflammatory disorders and even as an abortifacient due to the presence of colchicine. Similar to this, Solanum trilobatum is considered valuable in traditional medicine for its ability to effectively cure respiratory conditions. Numerous therapeutic advantages, including cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, have also been demonstrated. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of both plants\u27 medicinal potential and applications in modern medicine by arranging their botanical descriptions, traditional usage, phytochemical compositions, and pharmacological activity. The findings underscore the importance of exploring these plants further for developing novel therapeutic agents

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE ENDANGERED PLANTS (COSTUS SPECIOUS, GLORIOSSA SUPERBA LINN AND RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINE (LINN) BENTH) FROM KANKER DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

Chhattisgarh, the herbal state houses with rich and unique biodiversity of medicinal plants which are widely used by traditional healers of the state for treatment of various disease and extensively exploited for commercial purpose which leads to serious threat. Several plants have been studied and listed as rare and endangered which need to be conserved. We selected three such plants viz. Costus specious, Gloriossa superba Linn and Rauvolfia serpentine (Linn) Benth., from Kanker district of Chhattisgarh for their phytochemical analysis by chemical screening and Thin layer chromatography. On primary analysis of the methanolic and ethanolic extract of rhizome of C. specious and G. superba and root and leaves of R. serpentine (Linn) Benth. we found the presence of phytocompounds like saponin, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and glycosides in them. This phytocompounds were further separated by TLC using petroleum ether: methanol: benzene (8:1:1.5) as mobile phase in silica gel coated glass plates. Maximum 9 bands were observed in methanolic extract of rhizome of C. specious with Rf value between 0.05 – 0.97 and 6 bands in methanolic extract of rhizome of G. superba with Rf value between 0.02 – 0.94.Similarily in ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves of R. serpentine (Linn) Benth. Maximum 13 bands were observed with Rf value between 0.05 – 0.96 and 0.04 – 0.98 respectively whereas ethanolic extract of root showed maximum 11 bands with Rf value between 0.04 – 0.98 in comparison with chloroform and petroleum ether extracts. This result can further help in development of new drugs for diseases like cancer and hypertension based on their traditional uses

Phytochemical analysis of Gloriosa superba L. Using GC-MS from five different ecotypes of Tamil Nadu State, India

Gloriosa superba L is an important medicinal plant and its seeds, tubers are used for medicine. To investigate the phyto-components of Gloriosa superba L collected from various habitats of Tamil Nadu state, India. In the present study, the phyto-components from the tubers of Gloriosa superba L cultivars from Sirumalai (GA1) Mulanoor (GA2), Thuraiyur (GA3), Konganapuram (GA4) and Vedaranyan (GA5) were extracted by ethanolic extract and the composition of chemicals and its concentration in the tubers were determined by Gas Chromatography – Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.Among the phyto-components GA1 shows 15 phyto-components, GA2 shows 13 phyto-components, GA3 shows that 8 phyto-components, GA4 shows 14 phyto-components and GA5 shows 13 phyto-components. GA1, GA2, GA4 and GA5 ecotypes possessed higher phyto-components. Colchichine is an important alkaloid of Gloriosa superba L was found in GA2, GA3, GA4 and GA5 accessions in good concentration. The results reveals that the geographical origin and climate condition of a accession causes polymorphisms in the accumulation of  phyto-components, its composition and morphological traits in Gloriosa Superba L  originating from different ecotypes of Tamil Nadu state

Inhibition Planktonic and Bio film Growth of Candida Albicans by Plant Extract Alone and in combination with Fluconazole

This study was to evaluate the efficacy of Methanolic extract of G. superba L in combination with Fluconazole against biofilm development and mature biofilms of C. albicans. Synergism between MEGS and Fluconazole combination against biofilm formation was evident with FICI of 0.187. Combination of MEGS and Fluconazole did not have synergistic potential against mature biofilm growth, evidenced in FICI of 0.916. MIC of standard Fluconazole was found to be 0.5 and >0.5 in biofilm development and mature biofilm respectively

Phytotoxic, insecticidal and leishmanicidal activities of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum

The aim of the present study was to explore the aerial parts of the Polygonatum verticillatum for variousbiological activities such as phytotoxic, insecticidal and leishmanicidal properties. Outstandingphytotoxicity was observed for the crude extract and its subsequent solvent fractions against Lemnaacquinoctialis Welv at tested doses of 5, 50 and 500 ìg/ml. Complete growth inhibition (100%) wasdemonstrated by the crude extract and aqueous fraction at maximum tested dose (500 ìg/ml). Amongthe tested insects, moderate insecticidal activity was recorded against Rhyzopertha dominica. However,neither crude extract nor its solvent fraction registered any significant (> 100 ìg/ml) leishmanicidalactivity against Leishmania major. Based on the phytotoxicity, the aerial parts of the plant could be asignificant source of natural herbicidal for sustainable weed control

The genus Gloriosa (Colchicaceae) : ethnobotany, phylogeny and taxonomy

This thesis focuses on the ethnobotany, phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Gloriosa L. over its distributional range. Some Gloriosa species are known to have economic and commercial value, but the genus is also well known for its complex alpha taxonomy. An appropriate taxonomy for this group is of great importance because it includes widely used species as traditional medicine, horticultural plants and sources of industrial and pharmaceutical chemical colchicine. The seeds and tubers of G. superba are valued as a commercial source of colchicine. The genus Gloriosa has considerable horticultural appeal because of the conspicuous inflorescence of its members and the ease with which taxa are propagated, introduced into new areas and hybridise in cultivation. G. carsonii, G. modesta, G. simplex and G. superba have been taken into cultivation as ornamental plants in several countries, including native countries of these species

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from Root Extracts of Gloriosa superba Linn: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

Throughout history, medicinal plants have globally served as remedies for various ailments, and diseases. The roots of Gloriosa superba are traditionally used to treat antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory diseases. In this study, the roots of G. superba (320 g) were successively extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol to afford 530 mg (0.17%), 2.89 g (0.90%), and 17.78 g (5.56%) yields, respectively. Silica gel column chromatographic separation of the combined chloroform and methanol extracts gave 4-methoxy caffeic acid heptyl ester (1), desmosterol (2), 3-hydroxymethyl phenol (3), 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acid (4), sucrose (5) and rutinose (6). In vitro antibacterial study revealed promising zone of inhibition value by chloroform extract against Klebsiella pneumoniae (13±0.00 mm) compared to gentamicin (15.86±4.67 mm). Desmosterol (2), 3-hydroxymethyl phenol (3), and 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acid (4) displayed promising zone of inhibition against K. pneumonia (12.33±0.58, 11.33±1.53 and 11.33±1.15 mm, respectively) at 1000 μg/mL compared to gentamycin (15.86±4.67 mm at 100 μg/mL). Promising inhibition zone values were also displayed by desmosterol (2) and 3-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-benzoic acid (4) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±1.00 and 14±1.73 mm, respectively) compared to gentamycin (25±2.52 mm).Chloroform extract displayed 95.14% DPPH radical scavenging value compared to ascorbic acid (96.11%) at 200 μg/mL. Compounds 2 and 4 displayed binding affinities of -7.8 and -6.5 Kcal/mol, respectively, against PqsA protein of P. aeruginosa, compared to amoxicillin (-7.3 kcal/mol). Therefore, the in vitro antibacterial and radical scavenging activity results suggest the potential uses of the root extracts of G. superba as promising antibacterial agents and free radical scavengers