Performance Analysis of Priority-Based IEEE 802.15.6 Protocol in Saturated Traffic Conditions

Recent advancement in internet of medical things has enabled deployment of miniaturized, intelligent, and low-power medical devices in, on, or around a human body for unobtrusive and remote health monitoring. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard facilitates such monitoring by enabling low-power and reliable wireless communication between the medical devices. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard employs a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance protocol for resource allocation. It utilizes a priority-based backoff procedure by adjusting the contention window bounds of devices according to user requirements. As the performance of this protocol is considerably affected when the number of devices increases, we propose an accurate analytical model to estimate the saturation throughput, mean energy consumption, and mean delay over the number of devices. We assume an error-prone channel with saturated traffic conditions. We determine the optimal performance bounds for a fixed number of devices in different priority classes with different values of bit error ratio. We conclude that high-priority devices obtain quick and reliable access to the error-prone channel compared to low-priority devices. The proposed model is validated through extensive simulations. The performance bounds obtained in our analysis can be used to understand the tradeoffs between different priority levels and network performance.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An Analysis Framework for Inter-User Interference in IEEE 802.15.6 Body Sensor Networks: A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Inter-user interference occurs when multiple body sensor networks (BSNs) are transmitting simultaneously in close proximity to each other. Interference analysis in BSNs is challenging due to the hybrid medium access control (MAC) and the specific channel characteristics of BSNs. This paper presents a stochastic geometry analysis framework for inter-user interference in IEEE 802.15.6 BSNs. An extended Matern point process is proposed to model the complex spatial distribution of the interfering BSNs caused by the hybrid MAC defined in IEEE 802.15.6. We employ stochastic geometry approach to evaluate the performance of BSNs, considering the specific channel characteristics of BSNs in the vicinity of human body. Performance metrics are derived in terms of outage probability and spatial throughput in the presence of inter-user interference. We conduct performance evaluation through extensive simulations and show that the simulation results fit well with the analytic results. Insights are provided on the determination of the interference detection range, the BSN density, and the design of MAC for BSNs

Critical data-based incremental cooperative communication for wireless body area network

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are single-hop network systems, where sensors gather the body’s vital signs and send them directly to master nodes (MNs). The sensors are distributed in or on the body. Therefore, body posture, clothing, muscle movement, body temperature, and climatic conditions generally influence the quality of the wireless link between sensors and the destination. Hence, in some cases, single hop transmission (‘direct transmission’) is not sufficient to deliver the signals to the destination. Therefore, we propose an emergency-based cooperative communication protocol for WBAN, named Critical Data-based Incremental Cooperative Communication (CD-ICC), based on the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA standard but assuming a lognormal shadowing channel model. In this paper, a complete study of a system model is inspected in the terms of the channel path loss, the successful transmission probability, and the outage probability. Then a mathematical model is derived for the proposed protocol, end-to-end delay, duty cycle, and average power consumption. A new back-off time is proposed within CD-ICC, which ensures the best relays cooperate in a distributed manner. The design objective of the CD-ICC is to reduce the end-to-end delay, the duty cycle, and the average power transmission. The simulation and numerical results presented here show that, under general conditions, CD-ICC can enhance network performance compared to direct transmission mode (DTM) IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and benchmarking. To this end, we have shown that the power saving when using CD-ICC is 37.5% with respect to DTM IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and 10% with respect to MI-ICC

Modelling, analysis and design of MAC and routing protocols for wireless body area sensor networks.

The main contribution of the thesis is to provide modeling, analysis, and design for Medium Access Control (MAC) and link-quality based routing protocols of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs) for remote patient monitoring applications by considering saturated and un-saturated traffic scenarios. The design of these protocols has considered the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of patient monitoring systems. Moreover, the thesis also provides intelligent routing metrics for packet forwarding mechanisms while considering the integration of WBASNs with the Internet of Things (IoTs). First, we present the numerical modeling of the slotted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) for the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 standards. By using this modelling, we proposed a MAC layer mechanism called Delay, Reliability and Throughput (DRT) profile for the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6, which jointly optimize the QoS in terms of limited delay, reliability, efficient channel access and throughput by considering the requirements of patient monitoring system under different frequency bands including 420 MHz, 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz. Second, we proposed a duty-cycle based energy efficient adaptive MAC layer mechanism called Tele-Medicine Protocol (TMP) by considering the limited delay and reliability for patient monitoring systems. The proposed energy efficient protocol is designed by combining two optimizations methods: MAC layer parameter tuning and duty cycle-based optimization. The duty cycle is adjusted by using three factors: offered network traffic load, DRT profile and superframe duration. Third, a frame aggregation scheme called Aggregated-MAC Protocol Data Unit (A- MPDU) is proposed for the IEEE 802.15.4. A-MPDU provides high throughput and efficient channel access mechanism for periodic data transmission by considering the specified QoS requirements of the critical patient monitoring systems. To implement the scheme accurately, we developed a traffic pattern analysis to understand the requirements of the sensor nodes in patient monitoring systems. Later, we mapped the requirements on the existing MAC to find the performance gap. Fourth, empirical reliability assessment is done to validate the wireless channel characteristics of the low-power radios for successful deployment of WBASNs/IoTs based link quality routing protocols. A Test-bed is designed to perform the empirical experiments for the identification of the actual link quality estimation for different hospital environments. For evaluation of the test-bed, we considered parameters including Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Link Quality Indicator (LQI), packet reception and packet error rate. Finally, there is no standard under Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) which provides the integration of the IEEE 802.15.6 with IPv6 networks so that WBASNs could become part of IoTs. For this, an IETF draft is proposed which highlights the problem statement and solution for this integration. The discussion is provided in Appendix B

A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Moravejosharieh, Amirhossein, Lloret, Jaime. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks.International Journal of Communication Systems, 29, 7, 1269-1292. DOI: 10.1002/dac.3098, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving[EN] Wireless body sensor networks are offered to meet the requirements of a diverse set of applications such as health-related and well-being applications. For instance, they are deployed to measure, fetch and collect human body vital signs. Such information could be further used for diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions. IEEE 802.15.4 is arguably considered as a well-designed standard protocol to address the need for low-rate, low-power and low-cost wireless body sensor networks. Apart from the vast deployment of this technology, there are still some challenges and issues related to the performance of the medium access control (MAC) protocol of this standard that are required to be addressed. This paper comprises two main parts. In the first part, the survey has provided a thorough assessment of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performance where its functionality is evaluated considering a range of effective system parameters, that is, some of the MAC and application parameters and the impact of mutual interference. The second part of this paper is about conducting a simulation study to determine the influence of varying values of the system parameters on IEEE 802.15.4 performance gains. More specifically, we explore the dependability level of IEEE 802.5.4 performance gains on a candidate set of system parameters. Finally, this paper highlights the tangible needs to conduct more investigations on particular aspect(s) of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. 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Flexible beacon scheduling scheme for interference mitigation in body sensor networks. 2012 9th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). doi:10.1109/secon.2012.6275772Bradai N Fourati LC Kamoun L Performance analysis of medium access control protocol for wireless body area networks 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) Barcelona, Spain 2013 916 921Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part I: the need for enhancement IEEE 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) Sydney, Australia 2013 1226 1231Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Willig A Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part II: greedy channel utilization 19th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON) Singapore 2013 1 6Moravejosharieh A Yazdi E Willig A Pawlikowski K Adaptive channel utilisation in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor networks: continuous hopping approach Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) Melbourne, Australia 2014 93 98 10.1109/ATNAC.2014.7020880Moravejosharieh, A. 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IEEE 802.15.4 Frame Aggregation Enhancement to Provide High Performance in Life-Critical Patient Monitoring Systems

In wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), Quality of Service (QoS) provision for patient monitoring systems in terms of time-critical deadlines, high throughput and energy efficiency is a challenging task. The periodic data from these systems generates a large number of small packets in a short time period which needs an efficient channel access mechanism. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is recommended for low power devices and widely used for many wireless sensor networks applications. It provides a hybrid channel access mechanism at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer which plays a key role in overall successful transmission in WBASNs. There are many WBASN’s MAC protocols that use this hybrid channel access mechanism in variety of sensor applications. However, these protocols are less efficient for patient monitoring systems where life critical data requires limited delay, high throughput and energy efficient communication simultaneously. To address these issues, this paper proposes a frame aggregation scheme by using the aggregated-MAC protocol data unit (A-MPDU) which works with the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer. To implement the scheme accurately, we develop a traffic patterns analysis mechanism to understand the requirements of the sensor nodes in patient monitoring systems, then model the channel access to find the performance gap on the basis of obtained requirements, finally propose the design based on the needs of patient monitoring systems. The mechanism is initially verified using numerical modelling and then simulation is conducted using NS2.29, Castalia 3.2 and OMNeT++. The proposed scheme provides the optimal performance considering the required QoS

Human-Centric Wireless Communication Networks

This thesis covers two main topics: the design and performance evaluation of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), and the simulation and mathematical modeling of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). Different Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for WBANs are implemented on dedicated hardware in order to evaluate, through extensive measurement campaigns, the performance of the network in terms of packet loss rate, delay and energy consumption. Novel solutions to cope with body shadowing and to improve the coexistence with other wireless technologies, are presented and evaluated. An analytic model for the CSMA/CA protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.6 standard is also presented. The benefits of offloading part of the traffic carried by a wireless backbone to a DTN composed of mobile nodes in a urban environment, is also investigated. A more analytic approach, mainly using tools from stochastic geometry and Markov chains theory, is used to develop a mathematical framework for the evaluation of the performance of routing rules for DTNs