Economic issues in distributed computing

textOn the Internet, one of the essential characteristics of electronic commerce is the integration of large-scale computer networks and business practices. Commercial servers are connected through open and complex communication technologies, and online consumers access the services with virtually unpredictable behavior. Both of them as well as the e-Commerce infrastructure are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Among the various network security problems, the Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is a unique example to illustrate the risk of commercial network applications. Using a massive junk traffic, literally anyone on the Internet can launch a DDoS attack to flood and shutdown an eCommerce website. Cooperative technological solutions for Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are already available, yet organizations in the best position to implement them lack incentive to do so, and the victims of DDoS attacks cannot find effective methods to motivate the organizations. Chapter 1 discusses two components of the technological solutions to DDoS attacks: cooperative filtering and cooperative traffic smoothing by caching, and then analyzes the broken incentive chain in each of these technological solutions. As a remedy, I propose usage-based pricing and Capacity Provision Networks, which enable victims to disseminate enough incentive along attack paths to stimulate cooperation against DDoS attacks. Chapter 2 addresses possible Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks toward the wireless Internet including the Wireless Extended Internet, the Wireless Portal Network, and the Wireless Ad Hoc network. I propose a conceptual model for defending against DDoS attacks on the wireless Internet, which incorporates both cooperative technological solutions and economic incentive mechanisms built on usage-based fees. Cost-effectiveness is also addressed through an illustrative implementation scheme using Policy Based Networking (PBN). By investigating both technological and economic difficulties in defense of DDoS attacks which have plagued the wired Internet, our aim here is to foster further development of wireless Internet infrastructure as a more secure and efficient platform for mobile commerce. To avoid centralized resources and performance bottlenecks, online peer-to-peer communities and online social network have become increasingly popular. In particular, the recent boost of online peer-to-peer communities has led to exponential growth in sharing of user-contributed content which has brought profound changes to business and economic practices. Understanding the dynamics and sustainability of such peer-to-peer communities has important implications for business managers. In Chapter 3, I explore the structure of online sharing communities from a dynamic process perspective. I build an evolutionary game model to capture the dynamics of online peer-to-peer communities. Using online music sharing data collected from one of the IRC Channels for over five years, I empirically investigate the model which underlies the dynamics of the music sharing community. Our empirical results show strong support for the evolutionary process of the community. I find that the two major parties in the community, namely sharers and downloaders, are influencing each other in their dynamics of evolvement in the community. These dynamics reveal the mechanism through which peer-to-peer communities sustain and thrive in a constant changing environment.Information, Risk, and Operations Management (IROM

Collaborative Profile Assessment to Secure MANET by DDOS Attack

In the Mobile Ad-hoc Network, nodes bind together in the centralised authority's absence because reliability is one of the main challenges. The MANETS protective architecture provides some consequential problems due to the specific features of MANETS. The DDoS attack in the network is not quickly detectable. A management infrastructure that guarantees extensive security and the required network performance from attacks must be developed to overcome the barriers. Direct methods cannot be found successfully in mobile ad hoc networks in which network topology differs animatedly. Different DDoS security systems boost the network's output in front of an attacker to deactivate mismanagement, like NTRS. In this study, the Distributed Profile Evaluation Mechanism (DPEAP) DDoS Attack Effect in the Network proposes that compromise packets tossed out of the network beyond the network's capacity. The NTRS was a modern methodology in the study, and the DPEAP suggested is a new technique. The DPEAP identifies the attacker's behaviour by matching an attacker's profile with the ordinary nodes on the network, provided that the Node Profile is regular in the foaming of the proper network data delivery. The DPEAP then declare that the attacker's network has no hazard. In contrast with NTRS in MANET, the DPEAP method is stable and efficient

Naïve Bayes Classifier to Mitigate the DDoS Attacks Severity in Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad-Hoc networks are becoming more popular due to their unique characteristics. As there is no centralized control, these networks are more vulnerable to various attacks, out of which Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are considered as more severe attacks. DDoS attack detection and mitigation is still a challenging issue in Ad-Hoc Networks. The existing solutions consider the fixed or dynamic threshold value to detect the DDoS attacks without any trained data, and very few existing solutions use machine learning algorithms to detect these attacks. However, existing solutions are inefficient to handle when DDoS attackers’ perform this attack through bursty traffic, packet size, and fake packets flooding. We have proposed DDoS attack severity mitigation solution. Out DDoS mitigation solution consists of new network node authentication module and naïve bayes classifier module to detect and isolate the DDoS attack traffic patterns. Our simulation results show that naïve bayes DDoS attack traffic classification out performs in the hostile environment and secure the legitimate traffic from DDoS attack

An Approach to Develop Security Aspect of MANET using NS2 Field

A Mobile network is a open area network in which any user can enter to the system and increases the network traffic. Large amount of useless traffic over the network results the congestion on the network nodes. As the data is transferred over these nodes, it increases the network delay and the data loss over the network. To identify the safe path over the network, we have defined an association mining based adaptive approach under different parameters. A Mobile network always undergoes from different kind of external and internal attacks. One of such internal attack is DOS attack (Denial-of-Service). A DOS attack generally consists of efforts to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or suspend services of a host connected to the network. In this type of attack a particular user flooded the bandwidth with useless traffic and disturbs flow of data to other users. So a reliable communication path over the network is required with minimum delay & loss. Data mining approach is used to present the solution for this problem with effective throughput and minimum loss over the network. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15064

Early Detection and Prevention of DDOS attack on VANET

Growing number of vehicles in use has ushered in the service to provide human and resource safety. The present trend calls for the application of technology to automate safety measures in road traffic and since has been known as Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Vehicular Ad hoc Network is like a fork to Mobile Ad hoc Network , where the nodes are mobile vehicles moving in constrained road topology. VANET networks are envisioned to be used in practical ITS systems around the world. A network standard has been developed as Wireless Access In Vehicular Environment (IEEE 802.11p) to be used in VANET which is an amendment to IEEE 802.11 standard. With every new technological applications especially computers and network applications, come new security challenges. Every network in modern day is susceptible to security attacks and VANET is no exception. The most infamous of those attacks is the Distributed Denial of Service Attack which is unavoidable because unlike other security attacks the data packets used in it are legitimate packets. In this thesis work previous solutions are reviewed and a new offensive measure for detection, mitigation and prevention has been propose

Traffic engineering multi-layer optimization for wireless mesh network transmission a campus network routing protocol transmission performance inhancement

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel UniversityThe wireless mesh network is a potential network for the future due to its excellent inherent characteristic for dynamic self-healing, self-configuration and self-organization. It also has the advantage of easy interoperability networking and the ability to form multi-linked ad-hoc networks. It has a decentralized topology, is cheap and highly scalable. Furthermore, its ease in deployment and easy maintenance are other inherent networking qualities. These aforementioned qualities of the wireless mesh network bring advantages to transmission capability of heterogeneous networks. However, transmissions in wireless mesh network create comparative performance based challenges such as congestion, load-balancing, scalability over increasing networks and coverage capacity. Consequently, these challenges and problems in the routing and switching of packets in the wireless mesh network routing protocols led to a proposal on the resolution of these failures with a combination algorithm and a management based security for the network and its transmitted packets. There are equally contentious services like reliability of the network and quality of service for real-time multimedia traffic flows with other challenges such as path computation and selection in the wireless mesh network. This thesis is therefore a cumulative proposal to the resolution of the outlined challenges and open research areas posed by using wireless mesh network routing protocol. It advances the resolution of these challenges in the mesh environment using a hybrid optimization – traffic engineering, to increase the effectiveness and the reliability of the network. It also proffers a cumulative resolution of the diverse contributions on wireless mesh network routing protocol and transmission. Adaptation and optimization are carried out on the wireless mesh network designed network using traffic engineering mechanism and technique. The research examines the patterns of mesh packet transmission and evaluates the challenges and failures in the mesh network packet transmission. It develops a solution based algorithm for resolutions and proposes the traffic engineering based solution.. These resultant performances and analysis are usually tested and compared over wireless mesh IEEE802.11n or other older proposed documented solution. This thesis used a carefully designed campus mesh network to show a comparative evaluation of an optimal performance of the mesh nodes and routers over a normal IEE802.11n based wireless domain network to show differentiation by optimization using the created algorithms. Furthermore, the indexes of performance being the metric are used to measure the utility and the reliability, including capacity and throughput at the destination during traffic engineered transmission. In addition, the security of these transmitted data and packets are optimized under a traffic engineered technique. Finally, this thesis offers an understanding to the security contribution using traffic engineering resolution to create a management algorithm for processing and computation of the wireless mesh networks security needs. The results of this thesis confirmed, completed and extended the existing predictions with real measurement