The investigation of electromagnetic radial force and associated vibration in permanent magnet synchronous machines

The rising public awareness of climate change and urban air pollution has been one of the key drivers for transport electrification. Such trend drastically accelerates the quest for high-power-and-torque-density electric drive systems. The rare-earth permanent magnet synchronous machine, with its excellent steady-state and dynamic characteristics, has been the ideal candidate for these applications. Specifically, the fractional-slot and concentrated-winding configuration is widely adopted due to its distinctive merits such as short end winding, low torque pulsation, and high efficiency. The vibration and the associated acoustic noise become one of the main parasitic issues of high-performance permanent magnet synchronous drives. These undesirable features mainly arise from mechanical connection failure, imperfect assembly, torque pulsation, and electromagnetic radial and axial force density waves. The high-power-and-torque-density requirement will only be ultimately fulfilled by the reduction of both electromagnetic active material and passive support structure. This results in inflated electromagnetic force density inside the electric machine. Besides, the sti.ness of the machine parts can be compromised and the resultant natural frequencies are significantly brought down. Therefore, the vibration and acoustic noise that are associated with the electromagnetic radial and axial force density waves become a burden for large deployment of these drives. This study is mainly dedicated to the investigation of the electromagnetic radial forced density and its associated vibration and acoustic noise in radial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machines. These machines are usually powered by voltage source inverter with pulse width modulation techniques and various control strategies. Consequently, the vibration problem not only lies on the permanent magnet synchronous machine but also highly relates to its drive and controller. Generally, the electromagnetic radial force density and its relevant vibration can be divided into low-frequency and high-frequency components based on their origins. The low-frequency electromagnetic radial force density waves stem from the magnetic field components by the permanent magnets and armature reaction of fundamental and phase-belt current harmonic components, while the high-frequency ones are introduced by the interactions between the main low-frequency and sideband highfrequency magnetic field components. Both permanent magnets and armature reaction current are the main sources of magnetic field in electric machines. Various drive-level modeling techniques are first reviewed, explored, and developed to evaluate the current harmonic components of the permanent magnet synchronous machine drive. Meanwhile, a simple yet e.ective analytical model is derived to promptly estimate the sideband current harmonic components in the drive with both sinusoidal and space-vector pulse width modulation techniques. An improved analytical method is also proposed to predict the magnetic field from permanent magnets in interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. Moreover, a universal permeance model is analytically developed to obtain the corresponding armature-reaction magnetic field components. With the permanent magnet and armature-reaction magnetic field components, the main electromagnetic radial force density components can be identified and estimated based on Maxwell stress tensor theory. The stator tooth structure has large impacts on both electromagnetic radial force density components and mechanical vibration behaviors. The stator tooth modulation e.ect has been comprehensively demonstrated and explained by both finite element analysis and experimental results. Analytical models of such e.ect are developed for prompt evaluation and insightful revelation. Based on the proposed models, multi-physics approaches are proposed to accurately predict low-frequency and high-frequency electromagnetic radial vibration. Such method is quite versatile and applicable for both integral-slot and fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines. Comprehensive experimental results are provided to underpin the validity of the proposed models and methods. This study commences on the derivations of the drive parameters such as torque angle, modulation index, and current harmonic components from circuit perspective and further progresses to evaluate and decouple the air-gap magnetic field components from field perspective. It carries on to dwell on the analytical estimations of the main critical electromagnetic radial force density components and stator tooth modulation e.ect. Based on the stator mechanical structure, the corresponding electromagnetic radial vibration and acoustic noise can be accurately predicted. Various analytical models have been developed throughout this study to provide a systematic tool for quick and e.ective investigation of electromagnetic radial force density, the associated vibration and acoustic noise in permanent magnet synchronous machine drive. They have all been rigorously validated by finite element analysis and experimental results. Besides, this study reveals not only a universal approach for electromagnetic radial vibration analysis but also insightful correlations from both machine and drive perspectives

Electrical Signature Analysis of Synchronous Motors Under Some Mechanical Anomalies

Electrical Signature Analysis (ESA) has been introduced for some time to investigate the electrical anomalies of electric machines, especially for induction motors. More recently hints of using such an approach to analyze mechanical anomalies have appeared in the literature. Among them, some articles cover synchronous motors usually being employed to improve the power factor, drive green vehicles and reciprocating compressors or pumps with higher efficiency. Similarly with induction motors, the common mechanical anomalies of synchronous motor being analyzed using the ESA are air-gap eccentricity and single point bearing defects. However torsional effects, which are usually induced by torsional vibration of rotors and by generalized roughness bearing defects, have seldom been investigated using the ESA. This work presents an analytical method for ESA of rotor torsional vibration and an experimentally demonstrated approach for ESA of generalized roughness bearing defects. The torsional vibration of a shaft assembly usually induces rotor speed fluctuations resulting from the excitations in the electromagnetic (EM) or load torque. Actually, there is strong coupling within the system which is dynamically dependent on the interactions between the electromagnetic air-gap torque of the synchronous machine and the rotordynamics of the rotor shaft assembly. Typically this problem is solved as a one-way coupling by the unidirectional load transfer method, which is based on predetermined or assumed EM or load profile. It ignores the two-way interactions, especially during a start-up transient. In this work, a coupled equivalent circuit method is applied to reflect this coupling, and the simulation results show the significance of the proposed method by the practical case study of Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) system. The generalized roughness bearing anomaly is linked to load torque ripples which can cause speed oscillations, while being related to current signature by phase modulation. Considering that the induced characteristic signature is usually subtle broadband changes in the current spectrum, this signature is easily affected by input power quality variations, machine manufacturing imperfections and the interaction of both. A signal segmentation technique is introduced to isolate the influence of these disturbances and improve the effectiveness of applying the ESA for this kind of bearing defects. Furthermore, an improved experimental procedure is employed to closely resemble naturally occurring degradation of bearing, while isolating the influence of shaft currents on the signature of bearing defects during the experiments. The results show that the proposed method is effective in analyzing the generalized roughness bearing anomaly in synchronous motors

Detailed Investigation on Electromagnetic Noise in Permanent Magnet Brushless Motors for Hybrid Vehicles

Detaillierte Untersuchung des elektromagnetischen Geräusches in Permanenterregten Motoren für Hybridfahrzeuge Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein systematischer Ansatz zur theoretischen und praktischen Designbetrachtung, sowie zur rechnerischen Auswertung des Geräuschverhaltens permanenterregter Motoren für den Antriebsstrang von Hybridfahrzeugen untersucht. Diese Arbeit bietet Ingenieuren und Maschinenauslegern detaillierte und spezifische Informationen über das elektromagnetische Betriebsgeräusch, seinen Entstehungsprozess und die für eine Bewertung notwendigen Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen physikalischen Bereichen. Dabei werden insbesondere moderne elektromagnetische Konzepte und Wicklungstopologien untersucht, die für die Erfüllung der Anforderungen in einen Hybrid-Antriebsstrang benötigt werden. Die Luftspaltflussdichte, bzw. die magnetischen Kräfte wurden hierbei zeitlich und räumlich analysiert um die entsprechenden Strukturmoden zu ermitteln. Zudem werden wichtige elektromagnetische Parameter vorgestellt, welche einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Luftspaltoberwellen haben. Detaillierte mechanische und dynamische Analysen, die für den Bewertungsprozess des Betriebsgeräusches notwendig sind, werden im Rahmen der Arbeit ausführlich behandelt. Eine analytische Methode für das Modellieren des Stators und das Berechnen seiner modalen Eigenschaften wurde eingeführt. Die mechanischen Faktoren, die die Ergebnisse von modalen und harmonischen Analysen beeinflussen, wurden sowohl simulativ, als auch experimentell, untersucht. Die Arbeit umfasst zudem die theoretischen Hintergründe von Luft- und Körperschall, sowie weiterer akustisch relevanter Größen. Um den Geräuschpegel berechnen zu können, wurden elektromagnetische, strukturdynamische und akustische Simulationen miteinander kombiniert. Wichtige Maßnahmen, die zu einer Verbesserungen des elektromagnetischen Designs und insbesondere des vibro-akustischen Verhaltens führen, sind herausgearbeitet worden. Beispielsweise wurde der Einfluss von Schrägung auf die Drehmomentwelligkeit und das Geräuschverhalten für eine diskret geschrägte Rotor Topologie untersucht. Eine vollständige Analysekette für die Berechnung des Vibrations- und Geräuschverhaltens wurde sowohl mit analytischen Methoden, als auch mit modernen numerischen Methoden wie der Finite Element Method (FEM), der Boundary Element Method (BEM) und der sogenannten Fast Multi-pole Boundary Element Method (FMBEM) definiert.In this work, a scientific approach for computational evaluation and for theoretical and practical systematic design considerations for noise behavior of Permanent Magnet (PM) brushless motors used in the power train of hybrid vehicles has been established. This work provides designers and engineers with detailed description and specific information about electromagnetic noise, its generation process and the relation between the different scientific fields required in the complete evaluation process. It also explains modern electromagnetic concepts which help to fulfill the requirement of hybrid power train and introduces the different winding topologies. In this work, an explicit analysis of time and space harmonics for air-gap flux density or, rather, of magnetic forces, has been dealt with in detail and then related to their corresponding mechanical modes. The paper also introduces the electromagnetic parameters that contribute to the determination of these harmonics. Detailed mechanical and dynamic analyses needed for the evaluation process of noise have been completely covered. An analytical method for modeling the stator and for calculating its modal characteristics has been introduced. The mechanical factors that affect the results of modal and harmonic analyses are also investigated based on experimental and simulation results. A theoretical background concerning the structure borne sound, the airborne sound and their acoustic parameters is also included. The acoustic simulations were performed to synchronize electromagnetic and mechanical results and subsequently to compute the noise level. The design considerations which improve the electromagnetic design of PM motors and guarantee an enhanced vibration and noise behavior have also been revealed. The skewing effect on the torque ripple and the noise behavior has also been investigated with respect to a discrete skewed rotor topology. A complete chain of analysis for computation of vibration and noise has been defined using the analytical approaches as well as the modern numerical methods such as Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Fast Multi-pole Boundary Element Method (FMBEM)

Development of a multidisciplinary and optimized design methodology for surface permanent magnets synchronous machines

Electric energy is one of the supports of modern civilization. In the actual context, the electrical machines are of capital importance since most of power plants, from nuclear plants to wind turbines, need an electrical machine working as a generator. Moreover, it is estimated that nowadays the 65% of the total energy supplied by the grid is consumed by electric motors working in an industrial environment. Electrical machines are complex systems where a great amount of physical phenomena are produced simultaneously; that is why a proper design requires detailed multidisciplinary models. However, most of the design methodologies and tools are only focused on machine electromagnetic performance in order to achieve power, efficiency and mass to volume ratio goals, performing an adequate more than an optimized design. In the best cases, the features related with other physical domains are taken into account through figures or merit or rules of the thumb based on designer particular experience (e.g. thermal sizing); or even they are treated as an afterthought if needed (typical case of the machine vibro-acoustic performance). These approaches are only suitable for very well-known applications where machine features are perfectly known and characterized. However, these methodologies are unsystematic by nature so they have serious difficulties in order to extrapolate the obtained results to a new set of specifications or to more challenging applications where not only electromagnetic criteria but other physical domains, such as vibro-acoustic, should be taken into account. More precisely, since the advent of neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) magnets, permanent magnets synchronous machines (PMSM) has become a suitable option both in industrial and domestic applications such as aircraft industry, elevation, electric vehicle or power generation. Due to their attractive features (e.g. high efficiency, compactness and power density) PMSMs are an emerging technology and an attractive field of study, as it is highlighted by the great amount of publications devoted to that topic in the last years. Therefore, the thesis main goal is the development of a pioneering PMSM design methodology based on a holistic, multidisciplinary and optimized approach. Moreover, this proposed methodology takes into account not only the electromagnetic and thermal conventional aspects but also the machine vibro-acoustic behaviour. In order to fulfil this aim, a complete multiphysical analytical model has been carried out, including a detailed study of the electromagnetic, thermal and vibro-acoustics PMSM features, paying a special attention to these physical domains interactions. The developed models have been used in order to implement a PMSM design optimized methodology based on an innovative heuristic algorithm labelled Direct Multisearch (DMS). In order to validate the physical models, a 75 kW PMSM prototype (IkerMAQ) has been designed and built. A huge amount of tests were carried out and the analytical models have been exhaustively validated, including electromagnetic, thermal and vibro-acoustic domains

Advances in the Field of Electrical Machines and Drives

Electrical machines and drives dominate our everyday lives. This is due to their numerous applications in industry, power production, home appliances, and transportation systems such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles, ships, and aircrafts. Their development follows rapid advances in science, engineering, and technology. Researchers around the world are extensively investigating electrical machines and drives because of their reliability, efficiency, performance, and fault-tolerant structure. In particular, there is a focus on the importance of utilizing these new trends in technology for energy saving and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This Special Issue will provide the platform for researchers to present their recent work on advances in the field of electrical machines and drives, including special machines and their applications; new materials, including the insulation of electrical machines; new trends in diagnostics and condition monitoring; power electronics, control schemes, and algorithms for electrical drives; new topologies; and innovative applications

Dimensionnements et comparaisons de convertisseurs électromécaniques à bas coût et à grande disponibilité pour véhicules électriques

Today, the concerns of the energy crisis and the reduction of gas emissions stimulate the research in several electric vehicle domains. As the cost of rare earth magnetic materials has increased significantly in recent years, electrical motors without permanent magnets draw more attention, such as induction motors, wound-synchronous motors, switched reluctance motors, and synchronous reluctant motors. In this thesis, induction and synchronous reluctant machines are chosen to be studied for the electric vehicle traction application since they are low costly and fed up with similar power electronics and control strategies.Nonlinear analytical models of induction and synchronous reluctant machines are established and validated. Besides, economical and mechanical models are developed as well. Based on established analytical models, the geometry and the control parameters of these studied machines are calculated to define the total energy losses during the driving cycle. A bi-objective optimization is carried out to minimize total energy losses and motor costs. At last, the optimized machines are compared from their electric, energetic and economic performances, with the help of the Pareto Fronts obtained.Aujourd'hui, l'électrification des véhicules constitue une des solutions mises en œuvre par les constructeurs automobiles dans la lutte contre les émissions de gaz polluants et pour la réduction des consommations. Comme le prix des aimants terres rares a fortement augmenté ces dernières années, les moteurs électriques sans aimants permanents sont attractifs, comme les moteurs asynchrones, synchrones à rotor bobiné, à réluctance variable (double saillance ou synchrone). Dans cette thèse, les machines asynchrones et synchrones à réluctance variable sont étudiées et comparées pour des véhicules électriques. Ces deux machines ont un coût faible et possèdent des structures de puissance et de contrôles similaires.Des modèles analytiques non linéaires de machines asynchrones et synchrones à réluctance variable sont établis et validés. En outre, leurs modèles économiques et mécaniques sont également mis en œuvre. Sur la base des modèles analytiques établis, la géométrie et les paramètres de commande des machines étudiées sont dimensionnés afin de réduire les pertes énergétiques durant des cycles de conduite. Une optimisation bi-objective est proposée afin de minimiser en même temps les pertes énergétiques et le coût du moteur. Enfin, les machines optimisées sont comparées, à l’aide de Fronts de Pareto, pour évaluer leurs performances électriques, énergétiques et économiques

Design and Application of Electrical Machines

Electrical machines are one of the most important components of the industrial world. They are at the heart of the new industrial revolution, brought forth by the development of electromobility and renewable energy systems. Electric motors must meet the most stringent requirements of reliability, availability, and high efficiency in order, among other things, to match the useful lifetime of power electronics in complex system applications and compete in the market under ever-increasing pressure to deliver the highest performance criteria. Today, thanks to the application of highly efficient numerical algorithms running on high-performance computers, it is possible to design electric machines and very complex drive systems faster and at a lower cost. At the same time, progress in the field of material science and technology enables the development of increasingly complex motor designs and topologies. The purpose of this Special Issue is to contribute to this development of electric machines. The publication of this collection of scientific articles, dedicated to the topic of electric machine design and application, contributes to the dissemination of the above information among professionals dealing with electrical machines

Direct drive wind turbines: the effect of unbalanced magnetic pull on permanent magnet generators and bearing arrangements

Wind energy has been the fastest emerging renewable energy source over the last decade. The overriding provisos to minimise greenhouse emissions and increasing concerns regarding energy security have been the major inducements for many countries to make a resolute transition to new and non-conventional power sources. Direct-drive systems for wind turbines are potentially a more reliable alternative to gearbox driven systems. Gearboxes are liable to significant accumulated fatigue torque loading with relatively high maintenance costs. It is with this in mind that the primary focus of this research is on direct-drive wind turbines. Generators in direct-drive wind turbines tend to be of large diameter and heavier due to the support structure required to maintain as small air-gap as possible between the stationary and rotating parts of the generator. Permanent magnet generators (PMGs) are the most common type to be used within direct-drive wind turbines nowadays. Generators and other drive-train components in wind turbines experience significant varying loads, which may lead to a bearing failure. These varying loads can lead to misalignment within the drivetrain producing eccentricity between the generator rotor and stator. Rotor eccentricity generates a magnetic force referred to as Unbalanced Magnetic Pull (UMP). The induced UMP for the same rotor eccentricity is much higher in PMGs than induction generators because of the higher permanent magnet magnetic field. UMP is an important issue requiring further research. A part of this study provides a more detailed treatment of UMP under varying rotor eccentricity regimes for various permanent magnet machine topologies. The effect of UMP in direct-drive PMGs on the lifetime of the main bearing is a topic that requires more research aimed at proposing design improvements and solutions. The hope being that the availability of such solutions can be applied to practical reductions in operating costs. In brief, identification of the root causes of failure and impacts on component lifetime remain a subject of research. Establishing analytical tools for studying the impact of UMP on component lifetime in direct drive wind turbines and identifying the prospects for air gap winding machines using single bearing configuration are the two key areas for further research. Firstly, this research aims to establish the relationship between bearing forces and different types of eccentricities and UMP in direct drive machines. It is intended to use such models for predicting bearing wear and fatigue. Secondly, this research aims to establish the analytical tools for studying static, dynamic and tilting eccentricity in air-gap winding direct drive generators. Such tools are used to increase the understanding of the dynamics of direct drive PM generators. The final step of this study is using a multi-body simulation software (SIMPACK) to initiate investigations and comparison by providing assessments of electromagnetic interaction and internal drive-train loading for four possible designs for a proposed 5MW direct-drive wind turbine in response to the loads normally seen by a wind turbine. The four designs include: (a) iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings, (b) airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings, (c) iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing, (d) airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing. An aero-elastic simulation code (HAWC2) is used to extract the hub loads for different wind speeds corresponding to the normal operation of the wind turbine. The dynamic eccentricity and its influence on the electromagnetic interaction and consequential effects on bearing loading for all four designs is examined to determine the most optimal support structural configuration for a direct-drive system. In summary, the main aim of this thesis is studying the effect of different types of rotor eccentricities in different types of direct drive PMGs on the main bearing arrangements. The results show that static rotor eccentricity has the maximum impact compared to the other types of eccentricities. The main result of an eccentricity is the induced UMP which applies directly as an extra force on the bearings. The influence of UMP on bearing wear is studied. This influence is found to be significant in PM machines and should be considered when designing the bearing stiffness. A 20% static rotor eccentricity in a PM machine is found to induce an UMP that roughly equals third the total weight of the machine. A single bearing design for a direct-drive wind turbine is proposed and compared with a conventional two-bearing design. The results show that the Iron-cored PM direct-drive generator supported by two main bearings design and airgap winding PM direct-drive generator supported by a single main bearing design have advantages over the other two designs in this study

A high torque density, direct drive in-wheel motor for electric vehicles

PhD ThesisThe use of in-wheel motors, often referred to as hub motors as a source of propulsion for pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles has recently received a lot of attention. Since the motor is housed in the limited space within the wheel rim it must have a high torque density and efficiency, whilst being able to survive the rigours of being in-wheel in terms of environmental cycling, ingress, shock, vibration and driver abuse. Part of the work of this PhD involved an investigation into different slot and pole combinations in order determine a superior machine design, within given constraints based upon an existing in-wheel motor drive built by Protean Electric. Finite element analysis and optimisation have been applied in order to investigate the machine designs and achieve the optimum combination. The main work of this PhD, presents a high torque dense machine employing a new method of construction, which improves the torque capability with a smaller diameter, compared to that of the existing Protean in-wheel drive system. The machine is designed with an open slot stator and using magnetic slot wedges to close the slots. Having an open slot stator design means the coils can be pre-pressed before being inserted onto the stator teeth, this improves the electrical loading of the machine as the fill factor in the slot is increased. The electromagnetic impact of the slot wedges on the machine design has been studied, also a method of coil pressing has been studied and the impact upon coil insulation integrity verified. To ensure adequate levels of functional safety are met it is essential that failures do not lead to loss of control of the vehicle. Studies on a fault tolerant concept which can be applied to the design of in-wheel motors are presented. The study focuses on the ability to sustain an adequate level of performance following a failure, while achieving a high torque density. A series of failures have been simulated and compared with experimental tests conducted on a Protean motor. Finally a prototype is constructed and tested to determine the true level of performance. The prototype is compared to a new motor built in-house by Protean and achieves an improved level of performance.Protean Electri

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of a Permanent Magnet Excited Transverse Flux Machine with a Segmented Stator for In-Wheel Motor Applications

A three-phase transverse flux permanent magnet (PM) motor with flux concentrating (FC-) topology that has a segmented stator is studied in this dissertation. The phases of the stator have been placed around the rotational axis of the machine instead of placing them in a classical way over each other along the axial direction. Through this phase arrangement, the electrical and mechanical shifts between the phases are considered to ensure proper operation of the transverse flux machine (TFM) without the need of extra components such as a start-up capacitor or a special designed power supply. The segmented stator construction has required that the conventional ring coils to be replaced by a type of concentric winding that take a saddle shape enabling parallel magnetic circuits to take place. This has initiated studying the effect of the distances located between the phases on all over the performances of the machine. In order to select an initial construction for the stator, a preliminary assessment study of some conventional PM-TFMs having ring coils are carried out, through which they are re-designed as outer rotor motors and compared based on the level of electromagnetic torque and the inductance profile. As the main application of the design is to achieve a compact construction for an outer rotor, low noise and speed too for possible future in-wheel applications, the most interesting issue in this study is how to bring all the phases of the machine around the shaft in one layer without losing the torque productivity as when the phases are placed under each other in the conventional way. Therefore, the designed machine is set in further theoretical evaluation studies via finite element method (FEM) with the conventional layered TFM, and it shows that the TFM with segmented windings has a better torque density as its correspondence in the conventional layered structure. This result is in favor to the segmented structure, in particular, about 31% of the PMs number in the segmented structure (i.e., total number of PMs located between the phases) will not have an active role in the torque production. A detailed mathematical theory has been analytically developed and investigated to show the validity and limitation of the design. The study has incorporated how the segmentation of each phase and placement of the two parts opposite to each other can improve the mechanical balance of the TFM and hence quite rotation. The approach has been shown for two- and three-phase PM-TFMs. Moreover, illustration for applying the same principle of segmented stator to surface PM topology of TFMs is analytical verified and shown via FEM. Possible constructions with segmented stators are developed in a periodical table format to give the machine designer a shortcut for a possible construction with the selected number of magnets, number of segments per phase and the desired space between the phases. Since the noise is a well-known problem of TFMs, due to the ripple in the electromagnetic torque waveform and the natural magnetic normal forces, the normal and axial forces in PM-TFM with segmented stator have been investigated too, where introducing more segments per phase will reduce their effects. In order to validate the theoretical investigation, a low-scaled test machine is designed, constructed and a complete test bench has been built to experimentally test the machine. The experimental investigations have included generator and motor operation modes as well as measuring the ratings, performances of the machine and the starting methods. The test machine has reached via the conducted tests an average torque of about 2.1 Nm with an efficiency of 53% and it has a great development potential to be improved via shaping of stator poles, the room available for the windings, fill factor and more optimization possibilities. Based on the theoretical and experimental investigations, the operation of the segmented winding design of PM-TFM proves itself to work and to have a future for compact motors in industrial operation, or as in-wheel outer rotor motor for mobile platforms. For higher power applications, a machine with such type of stator should be designed with big diameters that will allow the utility of more PMs as well as more segments per phase, where both are involved in the torque production, i.e., more torque density for the segmented TFM