Control Strategies and Design to Range in Light Railway Systems

The thesis deals with different control strategies and a design method to improve energy efficiency and reliability in light railway transportation systems. The possibility of use Supercapacitors Energy Storage System (SESS) in light railway systems is explored, by evaluating the suitability of on-board application for a Prototype Railway Vehicle, with the introduction of a methodology for Design to Range in catenary free operations in order to fill gaps in power supply. Furthermore, a stationary configuration of SESS in light railway system is also investigated by means of a demonstrator of a Metro rail System set in Hitachi Rail Italy test room, carrying out a control strategy for energy flows management in case of non receptive DC grid. Further investigations has regarded the introduction of two sensorless control strategies for two different railway traction architectures with IM and PMSM drives, focusing the attention on energetic and dynamic performance in different specific operating conditions required to the railway traction drives. Numerical and experimental results are obtained and discussed in different operating conditions, for real case studies, showing the feasibility and the fulfillment of the mission for the different solutions proposed

Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems

The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering

Aplicación de estimadores on-line de variables rotóricas para la mejora de las prestaciones en variadores de velocidad multifásicos

Las máquinas multifásicas (más de tres fases) son ampliamente reconocidas como una alternativa al convencional esquema trifásico en un gran número de aplicaciones en donde se requieren elevada fiabilidad e incluso la posibilidad de seguir funcionando en presencia de fallas, como es el caso de los sistemas de tracción y propulsión de vehículos eléctricos, trenes y navíos, así como sistemas eléctricos de generación eólica. Los avances en las estrategias de control de las máquinas multifásicas han evolucionado desde la extensión de los métodos de control vectorial y control directo de par, utilizados en las máquinas trifásicas, a métodos más sofisticados, tales como el control predictivo. El concepto del control predictivo se basa en el cálculo del comportamiento futuro del sistema, de tal forma a utilizar dicha información para calcular los valores óptimos que minimizan una función de costo. La ejecución del algoritmo del controlador predictivo se basa en tres pasos: estimación de las variables no medibles, predicción del comportamiento futuro de los estados del sistema, y optimización de las salidas, de acuerdo a las restricciones impuestas como consigna de control. El control predictivo aplicado a las máquinas multifásicas utilizan, en su gran mayoría, las corrientes del estátor y del rotor como variables de estado. Puesto que las corrientes del rotor son estados no medibles, éstas deben ser estimadas. La principal aportación de esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en la aplicación de estimadores on-line de variables rotóricas (corrientes del rotor) en el control predictivo de corriente en variadores de velocidad de máquinas de inducción multifásicas. En este contexto, se realiza un análisis comparativo de la eficiencia a partir de dos algoritmos de control predictivo de corriente (PCC, del inglés predictive current control), el PCC basado en el observador de Luenberger, y el PCC basado en la estimación óptima (filtro de Kalman), los resultados obtenidos son comparados con técnicas convencionales en las cuales la corriente del rotor es estimada a partir de las ecuaciones dinámicas del accionamiento. Las aportaciones han sido evaluadas mediante simulaciones sobre dos tipos de accionamientos multifásicos, de seis y cinco fases, y posteriormente validadas mediante resultados experimentales los cuales han sido obtenidos sobre el accionamiento de cinco fases

Performance of Induction Machines

Induction machines are one of the most important technical applications for both the industrial world and private use. Since their invention (achievements of Galileo Ferraris, Nikola Tesla, and Michal Doliwo-Dobrowolski), they have been widely used in different electrical drives and as generators, thanks to their features such as reliability, durability, low price, high efficiency, and resistance to failure. The methods for designing and using induction machines are similar to the methods used in other electric machines but have their own specificity. Many issues discussed here are based on the fundamental achievements of authors such as Nasar, Boldea, Yamamura, Tegopoulos, and Kriezis, who laid the foundations for the development of induction machines, which are still relevant today. The control algorithms are based on the achievements of Blaschke (field vector-oriented control) and Depenbrock or Takahashi (direct torque control), who created standards for the control of induction machines. Today’s induction machines must meet very stringent requirements of reliability, high efficiency, and performance. Thanks to the application of highly efficient numerical algorithms, it is possible to design induction machines faster and at a lower cost. At the same time, progress in materials science and technology enables the development of new machine topologies. The main objective of this book is to contribute to the development of induction machines in all areas of their applications

Control strategy for a mono-inverter multi-PMSM system - Stability and efficiency

During these decades, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has become a vital part of military, industry and civil applications due to the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, high reliability and simple structure, small volume and light weight. Sometimes, multiple PMSMs are used to carry out cooperative functions. For example, the bogie of a locomotive, the flight control surface of an airplane. These PMSMs usually operates at the same speed. To reduce the volume and weight, an idea of sharing the static power conversion devices, which is called Mono-Inverter Multi-PMSM system (MIMPMSM), is raised. Although many researchers have given different controller solutions for the MIMPMSM system, most of them are not clear in the aspects of system stability and efficiency issues. This has become the biggest obstacle to the practical use of MIMPMSM. Oriented with these problems, starting with a MIMPMSM system with 2 motors, in the first step, we have tested some control strategies by an experiment to verify the feasibility and performance of them. In final, based on the experiment data, we have figured that the overconstraint problem exists in some control strategies. Then, an analysis and controller design based on steady-state model of a Mono-Inverter Dual-PMSM (MIDPMSM) system is carried out.By studying the solution existence problem of the steady-state model, we give out the design guideline to the controller structure. Combining the open-loop stability and steady-state solution, the region of controllability and stability is obtained. Lagrange Multiplier is used develop theexpression of efficiency-optimal steady-staterelated to torque and speed. The experiment has shown that the efficiency of the new controller has improved significantly. Meanwhile, we have explored the influence of parameter variation in system stability and efficiency-optimization. The variation will influence the stability region. But its influence can be eliminated by using Master- Slave strategy. On the other hand, in the aspect of efficiency optimization, the simulation results have shown that parameter mismatch, especially the permeant flux, can cause high efficiency loss. In the last step, this controller is also adapted to a MIMPMSM system with more than two motors. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness

Energy management and control strategies for the use of supercapacitors storage technologies in urban railway traction systems

In recent years the need to reduce global energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the environment, has been involved even in the railways sector, aimed at the highly competitive concept of new vehicles/transportation systems. The requirements hoped by the operating companies, particularly as concerns tramway and metro-train systems, are increasingly focused on products with so far advanced features in terms of energy and environmental impact. In order to accomplish this possible scenario, this could be put into effects in technological subsystems and critical components, which are able to fulfill not only functional and performance requirements, but also regarding the new canons of energy saving. On the other hand, the regional and national energetic political strategies impose a continuous effort in the eco-sustainability and energy saving direction both for the vehicles and for the infrastructure management. In this scenario, the thesis aims to fill the gap in the technical literature and deals with improving the energy efficiency of urban rail transport systems by proposing both design methodologies and effective control strategies for supercapacitor-based energy storage systems, to be installed on-board urban rail vehicles or along the rail track. Firstly, a deep, rigorous and comprehensive study on the factors which affect energy issues in a DC-electrified urban transit railway system is carried out. Then a widespread overview of the currently available strategies and technologies for recovery and management of braking energy in urban rail is presented, also by providing an assessment of their main advantages and disadvantages alongside a list of the most relevant scientific studies and well established commercial solutions. Afterwards, some effective control strategies for the optimal energy management of the supercapacitor-based energy storage system have been studied. Extensive simulations have been performed with the aim of validating the proposed techniques by employing a methodology which is based on tests carried out by means of scale models of the real systems. A wide range of experimental tests has been developed and carried out on a laboratory-scale simulator for a typical urban service railway vehicle, in order to fully confirm the theoretical performances, validity, and feasibility of the studied controls, and quantify the technical and economic advantages obtained in terms of global energy saving, voltage regulation, power compensation and infrastructure power loss reduction. The overall goal of this study is to gain an understanding of the methods and approaches for assessing the use of supercapacitor storage systems in urban rail transit oriented to the optimization of the energy saving and the reduction of the vehicle energy consumption, for whatever technological solutions are adopted

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference EEMODS'2013 Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems

This book contains the papers presented at the eighth international conference on Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems EEMODS 2013 EEMODS 2013 was organised in Rio de Janeiro, Brasil from 28 to 30 October 2013. This major international conference, which was previously been staged in Lisbon (1996), London (1999), Treviso (2002), Heidelberg (2005), Beijing (2007), Nantes (2009) and Washington DC (2011) has been very successful in attracting an international and distinguished audience, representing a wide variety of stakeholders in policy implementation and development, manufacturing and promotion of energy-efficient motor systems, including key policy makers, equipment manufacturers, academia and end-users. Potential readers who may benefit from this book include researchers, engineers, policymakers, energy agencies, electric utilities, and all those who can influence the design, selection, application, and operation of electrical motor driven systems.JRC.F.7-Renewables and Energy Efficienc

Control and supervision of an AGV with energy consumption optimization

Os veículos guiados autónomos (AGVs) ganharam enorme importância e interesse no campo da indústria. Estes são soluções populares para o transporte de bens materiais para diferentes partes das fábricas. No entanto, em muitas fábricas, os armazéns estão localizados à parte da linha de produção ou em edifícios separados, exigindo que o transporte de bens materiais seja feito exteriormente. Os ambientes exteriores representam um desafio particular para os AGVs. Por um lado, estes ambientes causam mais desgaste nos componentes dos veículos e o clima na Europa pode atingir extremos opostos, dependendo da estação do ano e das regiões. Por outro lado, estes ambientes aumentam as preocupações de segurança, uma vez que outros veículos ou peões podem circular no mesmo espaço e ao mesmo tempo. Neste projecto, um rebocador eléctrico XXL será transformado num AGV, que opera em ambiente exterior. Este veículo é responsável pelo transporte de mercadorias do final da linha de produção para o armazém exterior numa fábrica de automóveis. O principal objectivo é assegurar o seu funcionamento contínuo durante um turno de 16 horas, garantindo o mínimo de interrupções para v«carregamento da bateria. Desta forma, nesta dissertação foram abordados dois capítulos distintos: para a análise e estudo do consumo energético foi simulado a powertrain de um veículo eléctrico. Neste, foi considerado um motor de indução cujo método de controlo aplicado foi o Field Oriented Control (FOC). Para além do comportamento eléctrico, também foi simulado o modelo físico da carga, bem como o cálculo da energia eléctrica consumida. Para a navegação, foi estudada uma solução baseada na integração do GPS com o INS. Dadas as restrições temporais, apenas a solução GPS foi testada e a técnica Loosely Coupled foi abordada como uma possível solução de integração.Autonomous guided vehicles (AGVs) have gained enormous importance and interest in the industry field. These are popular solutions for transport of good and material to different parts of the factories. However, in many factories, warehouses are located apart from the factory floor or in separate buildings, requiring the transport of material goods to be done outdoors. Outdoor environments represent a particular challenge for AGVs. On one hand, these environments causes more wear and tear on vehicle components and the weather in Europe can reach opposite extremes depending on the season and regions. On the other hand, these environments increase safety concerns since other vehicles or pedestrians can circulate in the same space at the same time. In this project, an electric tugger XXL will be transformed into an AGV, which operates in outdoor environment. This vehicle is responsible for transporting goods from the end of the production line to the outside warehouse in a car manufacturing plant. The main objective is to ensure its continuous operation during a 16-hour shift, and guarantee the minimum battery charging actions. In this way, in this dissertation two distinct chapters were approached: for the analysis and study of the energy consumption it was simulated the powertrain of an electric vehicle. In this one it was considered an induction motor whose control method applied was the Field Oriented Control (FOC). Besides the electrical behaviour, also the physical model of the load was simulated as well as the calculation of the consumed electrical energy. For navigation, a solution based on the integration of GPS with INS was studied. Given the temporal constraints, only the GPS solution was tested and the loosely coupled technique was approached as a possible integration solution

Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines

Today, switched reluctance machines (SRMs) play an increasingly important role in various sectors due to advantages such as robustness, simplicity of construction, low cost, insensitivity to high temperatures, and high fault tolerance. They are frequently used in fields such as aeronautics, electric and hybrid vehicles, and wind power generation. This book is a comprehensive resource on the design, modeling, and control of SRMs with methods that demonstrate their good performance as motors and generators

Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines

Today, switched reluctance machines (SRMs) play an increasingly important role in various sectors due to advantages such as robustness, simplicity of construction, low cost, insensitivity to high temperatures, and high fault tolerance. They are frequently used in fields such as aeronautics, electric and hybrid vehicles, and wind power generation. This book is a comprehensive resource on the design, modeling, and control of SRMs with methods that demonstrate their good performance as motors and generators