Densities on Dedekind domains, completions and Haar measure

Let $D$ be the ring of $S$-integers in a global field and $\hat{D}$ its profinite completion. We discuss the relation between density in $D$ and the Haar measure of $\hat{D}$: in particular, we ask when the density of a subset $X$ of $D$ is equal to the Haar measure of its closure in $\hat{D}$. In order to have a precise statement, we give a general definition of density which encompasses the most commonly used ones. Using it we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the equality between density and measure which subsumes a criterion due to Poonen and Stoll. In another direction, we extend the Davenport-Erd\H{o}s theorem to every $D$ as above and offer a new interpretation of it as a "density=measure" result. Our point of view also provides a simple proof that in any $D$ the set of elements divisible by at most $k$ distinct primes has density 0 for any natural number $k$. Finally, we show that the closure of the set of prime elements of $D$ is the union of the group of units of $\hat{D}$ with a negligible part.Comment: 39 pages, no figures. Main changes from version 3: most examples of densities have been removed and will be part of another paper; some questions have been added in the final section. Version 5: Remark 6.13 was based on a wrong computation and has been remove