Removal of malathion from various waters by advanced oxidation processes

Summary: The degradation of malathion was investigated under various conditions, including ultrasound (US) irradiation, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the combination of US/UV, UV/ZnO, UV/H2O2, and US/UV/ZnO/H2O2. In addition, the effect of the operational parameters, such as the initial concentration of the catalyst, the initial malathion concentration, the initial salt concentration (NaHCO3 and Na2SO4), and pH, were studied. Analyses were performed by a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy instrument. The k values were in the following order: US/UV/H2O2/ZnO > US/UV > UV/ZnO > UV/H2O2 > UV > US. ZnO concentration of 100 mg/l, malathion initial concentration of 200 μg/l, H2O2 concentration of 30 mg/l, pH of 9, and irradiation time of 105 min were the optimum conditions for degrading malathion by the US/UV/H2O2/ZnO system. Additionally, the optimized parameters were also tested for the treatment of an actual water sample containing the pesticide. As a result, the efficiency of the US/UV/H2O2/ZnO system was higher in the distilled water sample than in the actual water sample. © 2015, Chemical Society of Pakistan. All rights reserved

Modeling electrodialysis and a photochemical process for their integration in saline wastewater treatment.

Oxidation processes can be used to treat industrial wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic compounds. However, the presence of dissolved salts may inhibit or retard the treatment process. In this study, wastewater desalination by electrodialysis (ED) associated with an advanced oxidation process (photo-Fenton) was applied to an aqueous NaCl solution containing phenol. The influence of process variables on the demineralization factor was investigated for ED in pilot scale and a correlation was obtained between the phenol, salt and water fluxes with the driving force. The oxidation process was investigated in a laboratory batch reactor and a model based on artificial neural networks was developed by fitting the experimental data describing the reaction rate as a function of the input variables. With the experimental parameters of both processes, a dynamic model was developed for ED and a continuous model, using a plug flow reactor approach, for the oxidation process. Finally, the hybrid model simulation could validate different scenarios of the integrated system and can be used for process optimization

Physical/chemical closed-loop water-recycling

Water needs, water sources, and means for recycling water are examined in terms appropriate to the water quality requirements of a small crew and spacecraft intended for long duration exploration missions. Inorganic, organic, and biological hazards are estimated for waste water sources. Sensitivities to these hazards for human uses are estimated. The water recycling processes considered are humidity condensation, carbon dioxide reduction, waste oxidation, distillation, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, carbon sorption, and electrochemical oxidation. Limitations and applications of these processes are evaluated in terms of water quality objectives. Computerized simulation of some of these chemical processes is examined. Recommendations are made for development of new water recycling technology and improvement of existing technology for near term application to life support systems for humans in space. The technological developments are equally applicable to water needs on Earth, in regions where extensive water recycling is needed or where advanced water treatment is essential to meet EPA health standards

Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Process and Their Worldwide Research Trends

Background: Water is a scarce resource and is considered a fundamental pillar of sustainable development. The modern development of society requires more and more drinking water. For this cleaner wastewater, treatments are key factors. Among those that exist, advanced oxidation processes are being researched as one of the sustainable solutions. The main objective of this manuscript is to show the scientific advances in this field. Methods: In this paper, a systematic analysis of all the existing scientific works was carried out to verify the evolution of this line of research. Results: It was observed that the three main countries researching this field are China, Spain, and the USA. Regarding the scientific collaboration between countries, three clusters were detected—one of Spain, one of China and the USA, and one of Italy and France. The publications are grouped around three types of water: industrial, urban, and drinking. Regarding the research, 15 clusters identified from the keywords analyzed the advanced oxidation process (alone or combined with biological oxidation) with the type of wastewater and the target pollutant, removal of which is intended. Finally, the most important scientific communities or clusters detected in terms of the number of published articles were those related to the elimination of pollutants of biological origin, such as bacteria, and of industrial nature, such as pesticides or pharmaceutical products

The chemistry of ultrasonic degradation of organic compounds

The destruction of toxic organic molecules using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is a potent tool for pollution control and environmental protection. Ultrasound is a convenient and effective method of generating hydroxyl radicals which is the key oxidant in AOPs. This review describes the use of ultrasound and associated chemical reactions, with and without additives, as a powerful means of remediating water contaminated with organic pollutants. After a brief introduction to ultrasound and sonochemistry, their application for the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol and substituted phenols is considered. Next is the decomposition of chlorinated phenols, and other chlorinated organics, then removal of recalcitrant smaller organic molecules. A discussion follows of recent work that has investigated the effects of initial concentration of substrates; the use of different ultrasonic frequencies; the inclusion of oxidising species, inorganic particles, or salts and their contribution to enhanced degradation. Finally, brief comments are made on the status of ultrasound as an AOP treatment

Multicriteria assessment of advanced treatment technologies for micropollutants removal at large-scale applications

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. With the introduction and discharge of thousands of new micropollutants (MPs) every year, traditional water and wastewater treatment plants may be incapable of tackling them all. With their low concentrations and diversity in nature, MP removal encounters numerous challenges. Although some MPs are effectively eliminated via conventional treatment methods, most of them can easily escape and are retained in the discharged effluent. Therefore, advanced methods such as (i) adsorption, (ii) oxidation and advanced oxidation processes (O3 and O3-based advanced oxidation processes, UV/H2O2), (iii) membrane processes, and (iv) membrane bioreactors, become an inevitable approach. Despite the unsurprisingly vast number of papers on MP treatment available at present, most of these studies were carried out at a laboratory scale while only a few pilot- and full-scale studies have experimented. Nevertheless, an in-depth assessment of real-world MP treatment methods is extremely crucial for practitioners. To date, no paper has been dedicated to look at this issue. Therefore, this paper aims to review these large-scale treatment methods. First, the paper goes through the regulations and standards which deal with MPs in water courses. It will then assess these methods in various case-studies with reference to different criteria towards serving as a reference for further practical applications

Degradation of 2-Chlokophenol in Water Using Advanced Oxidation Processes

The presence of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) in treated wastewater lately, is alarming. Chlorophenols, an endocrine disruptor chemical compound is hardly eliminated in water using conventional treatment. In this study, contaminated water containing 2-Chlorophenol was treated using the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) reactor (anolyte solution/ozone/UV) and anolyte solution alone. Various conditions such as initial pH values, ozone dosages, reaction time and initial 2- Chlorophenol concentrations were tested to achieve the optimum degradation of 2- Chlorophenol. Possible intermediates and by-products in each treatment effluents were investigated. Results showed that almost 90% of 2-Chlorophenol (5mgIL) degraded in water with initial alkaline pH values (11-12) using AOPs reactor (anolyte solution (O.4L)/Ozone 50% (0.5 1 mg/L)/UV). Complete (1 00%) degradation of 2-Chlorophenol in \i.ater was achieved when initial concentration of 2-Chlorophenol was 0.04 mg/L in neutral pH condition. On the other hand, at least 70% of the ZChlorophenol degraded when treated with anolyte solution in all initial pH values and initial 2-Chlorophenol concentrations. Complete (100%) degradation of 2-Chlorophenol occurred when the initial concentration of 2-Chlorophenol was 1.0 mg/L in original pH condition. All effluent samples had acidic pH value except those 2-Chlorophenol solutions with initial alkaline pH values. Comparison between two treatments showed that anolyte solution was more effective to degrade 2-Chlorophenol than AOPs reactor at original and neutral pH conditions. The degradation of 2-Chlorophenol compounds in water was achieved up to 100% using anolyte solution compared to the AOPs reactor at higher 2- Chlorophenol concentration in most cases. The 2-Chlorophenol degraded intermediates and by-products using AOPs reactor and anolyte solution were mainly alkenes, alkanes, carboxylic acid, ketones and ether functional group compounds

Study of Pharmaceuticals Degradationby Advanced Oxidation Processes

V současnosti je odbornou i laickou veřejností často diskutována problematika výskytu ženských pohlavních hormonů, estrogenů a gestagenů, ve vodních ekosystémech. Tyto látky steroidní struktury představují pro konvenční čistírenské a úpravárenské technologie využívané ve vodárenství často obtížně odstranitelné kontaminanty. V dané souvislosti mohou být vhodnou technikou pokročilé oxidační procesy, které jsou založeny na in situ tvorbě vysoce reaktivních hydroxylových radikálů. Předkládaná dizertační práce se zabývá studiem kinetiky a degradačních meziproduktů fotokatalytického rozkladu sedmi vybraných ženských pohlavních hormonů (estron, -estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, progesteron a norethindron). Experimenty probíhaly v laboratorním skleněném reaktoru, který byl vybaven energeticky úspornými LED diodami s emisní vlnovou délkou 365 nm a imobilizovaným fotokatalyzátorem ve formě pětivrstvého filmu TiO2 naneseného na skleněném nosiči. Pracováno bylo s modelovými vzorky vody o počáteční koncentraci hormonů 1 mg·l-1 a průběh reakcí byl sledován metodou HPLC-MS. V daném systému vykázaly všechny zájmové látky s výjimkou estriolu velmi výrazný sklon k adsorpci. V případě estriolu byla na základě Langmuir-Hinshelwoodova modelu určena hodnota formální rychlostní konstanty fotokatalytického rozkladu pro dvě různé počáteční koncentrace, 0,5527 hod-1 (1 mg·l-1) a 0,1929 hod-1 (5 mg·l-1); porovnáním těchto hodnot bylo zjištěno, že se zvyšující se koncentrací degradované látky probíhá rozklad pomaleji (při 5násobném zvětšení počáteční koncentrace poklesla hodnota formální rychlostní konstanty téměř na třetinu). Dále bylo zaznamenáno devět degradačních meziproduktů fotokatalytického rozkladu estriolu a na základě hmotnostních spekter navržena jejich struktura. Ve druhém tematickém okruhu práce byla pozornost věnována vývoji SPE-HPLC-MS metody pro stanovení ženských pohlavních hormonů v reálných vzorcích vody, zejména pak optimalizaci extrakčního kroku. Výsledný proces zpracování vzorků zahrnoval kromě extrakce na kolonkách Supel™ Select HLB s 200 mg sorbentu i odstranění mechanických nečistot, extrakci hormonů z pevného podílu zachyceného na filtračním materiálu, okyselení vzorku a přečištění extraktu na florisilových kolonkách Supelclean™ ENVI-Florisil®. Optimalizovaná metoda byla použita pro stanovení koncentrace ženských pohlavních hormonů ve dvou brněnských řekách, Svitavě a Svratce. Ve většině případů byla koncentrace pod mezí detekce, případně pod mezí stanovitelnosti.At present, the issue of occurrence of female sex hormones, estrogens and progestogens, in aquatic ecosystems is often discussed by experts and the general public. These substances of steroid structure can be difficult to remove completely by conventional wastewater and drinking water treatment technologies. In given context advanced oxidation processes based on in situ generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals can be a suitable technique. This thesis deals with the study of kinetics and degradation products of photocatalytic decomposition of seven female sex hormones (estrone, -estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, progesterone and norethindrone). Experiments were conducted in a laboratory glass reactor, which was equipped with an energy efficient UV-A LED light source (365 nm emission wavelength) and an immobilised photocatalyst in a form of TiO2 five-layer film deposited on glass. Model samples of water with the initial hormone concentration of 1 mg·L-1 were used and the degradation process was monitored by an HPLC-MS method. In the given system all compounds of interest except estriol had very significant tendency to be adsorb. In the case of estriol the formal rate constant of photocatalytic decomposition was determined based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for two different initial concentrations, 0.5527 hour-1 (1 mg·L-1) and 0.1929 hour-1 (5 mg·L-1), and by comparison of these values it was found that the higher degraded compound concentration, the slower decomposition (fivefold increase of the initial concentration resulted in the constant decrease to almost one-third). Moreover nine degradation products of estriol photocatalytic decomposition were recorded and their structure was designed based on mass spectra. In the second thematic part of the thesis attention was paid to development of a SPE-HPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of female sex hormones in water ecosystems, with emphasis on an extraction part optimization. The final samples treatment process included besides extraction with Supel™ Select HLB 200 mg SPE cartridges also mechanical impurities removal, hormones extraction from solids trapped on filtration material, sample acidification and extract purification with Supelclean™ ENVI-Florisil® cartridges. Optimised method was used for determination of female sex hormones in two Brno rivers, Svitava and Svratka. In the most cases the concentration was below the detection or quantification limit.

Development of advanced nitrogen removal processes using anaerobic ammonium oxidation

制度:新 ; 文部省報告番号:乙2155号 ; 学位の種類:博士(工学) ; 授与年月日:2008/2/25 ; 早大学位記番号:新472

Removal of Paracetamol Using Effective Advanced Oxidation Processes

Fenton, photo-Fenton, and photo-induced oxidation, were investigated and compared for the treatment of 0.26 mmol L-1 of paracetamol (PCT) in a deionised water matrix, during a reaction span of 120.0 min. Low and high Fenton reagent loads were studied. Particularly, the initial concentration of Fe2+ was varied between 0.09 and 0.18 mmol L-1 while the initial concentration of H2O2 was varied between 2.78 and 11.12 mmol L-1. The quantitative performance of these treatments was evaluated by: (i) measuring PCT concentration; (ii) measuring and modelling TOC conversion, as a means characterizing sample mineralization; and (iii) measuring cytotoxicity to assess the safe application of each treatment. In all cases, organic matter mineralization was always partial, but PCT concentration fell below the detection limit within 2.5 and 20.0 min. The adopted semi-empirical model revealed that photo induced oxidation is the only treatment attaining total organic matter mineralization (¿MAX= 100% in 200.0 min) at the expense of the lowest kinetic constant (k = 0.007 min-1). Conversely, photo-Fenton treatment using high Fenton reagent loads gave a compromise solution (¿MAX= 73% and k = 0.032 min-1). Finally, cytotoxicity assays proved the safe application of photo-induced oxidation and of photo-Fenton treatments using high concentrations of Fenton reagents.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version