Development of the Temporal Intelligence Questionnaire.

Research has demonstrated that the temporal characteristics of individuals and jobs significantly predict outcome variables such as well-being and performance (Francis-Smythe & Robertson, 2003; Hecht & Allen, 2003; Slocombe & Bluedorn; 1999). This paper will present an account of the development of the Temporal Intelligence Questionnaire (TI-Q). This instrument is proposed to represent individual differences in leaders’ (including management roles) time related thoughts, attitudes and behaviours directed towards followers; which are known as follower-referenced temporal practices. These practices are broken down into two typologies called: global and adaptive temporal typologies. The global form of temporal practices refers to how a leader thinks and behaves on 13 dimensions of time in the workplace, in the context of interactions with individual followers and teams/groups of followers. The adaptive form of temporal practices represents a leaders’ process of awareness and behavioural adaptation, based on knowledge of the time related, dispositional characteristics of followers and the time demands of their respective jobs

Climate smart strategies to strengthened coffee farmers adaptive capacity to climate change. [P74]

In the last 30 years Kenya's national coffee production decreased by about 70%. In some areas like Muranga County, the decline was up to fivefold and coffee is now replaced by food crops in lower altitudes due to erratic rainfall and increased temperature. Projected mean temperature increase between 3ºC and 4ºC may result in yield losses of 8 - 22 percent by 2050 unless climate smart adaptation practices are undertaken. Adaptation depends on farmers noticing climate change has indeed affected them and perceiving the need for, and benefits from new production strategies. However, there is marked difference in the way scientists and farmers perceive climate change and how it affects agriculture. Therefore, this study aims to: 1) explore how cropping systems are changing; 2) analyse how scientists and farmers respectively perceive climate change; 3) present farm-level adaptation strategies and how climate smart strategies strengthen adaptive capacity of farmers. The study is based on interview of 120 farmers and collection of meteorological data. The data were analyzed in four directions: (1) farmers' perceptions about climate change, (2) trends for temperature and rainfall over 30 years, (3) relations between farmers' perception and climate data, (4) identification of adaptation strategies and adaptive capacity based on livelihood adaptation frameworks. The results revealed 1) 91 percent of the farmers perceived climate has changed, observing extended warmer seasons, changes in onset and cessation of rainfall which is indeed supported by meteorological data. 2) Only 54 percent of farmers are responding to the perceived changes, introducing climate smart practices such as varietal change, intercropping, irrigation and crop-livestock mixed farming. 3) Access to finance, human capacity building and information on weather are vital to strengthen farmers' adaptive capacity. We recommend further researches on future suitable places for coffee, with business as usual and climate smart practices to predict future winners and losers. (Texte intégral

Citizen Science in Disaster and Conflict Resilience

*Background/Question/Methods*

Within the disaster and conflict response communities, concern about lack of effectiveness of outside responses has led to a debate about the role of local people in developing the capacity to prepare for a crisis and to respond after calamity has struck. Pelling (2007) points out the potential for participatory disaster risk assessment to build local capacity and for generating knowledge that, along with more expert-driven data collection, is used to identify and reduce the risk of disaster. Similarly, Weinstein and Tidball (2007) and Tidball et al. (2008) present an alternative model for post-crisis intervention based on local assets, including ongoing attempts of communities to manage their natural resources. For example, these authors suggest that civic ecology (CE) practices, including community forestry, watershed enhancement, community agriculture and gardening, and other participatory environmental restoration initiatives that emerge from the actions of local residents (Tidball and Krasny 2007), should be examined and perhaps leveraged by outsiders for their ability to mitigate post-crisis situations. The question is, how might CE relate to citizen science in applications post-disaster or conflict?

*Results/Conclusions*

CE practices emerge through the actions of people wanting to manage a local resource, and integrate both learning through small-scale experimentation and observations (adaptive management) and collaborative or participatory processes (co-management). They can be considered as an emergent form of adaptive co-management (Ruitenbeek and Cartier 2001; Armitage, Plummer et al. 2009). The local knowledge of individuals who initiate the practices is critical, although often linkages are made with scientists from universities, government, and non-profit organizations, so multiple forms of knowledge are incorporated into the stewardship activities. This learning shortens feedback times between management actions, such as participatory approaches for planting trees, and seeing the impact of tree planting on local ecological and social systems. CE practices embody attributes that may foster resilience both prior to and post-crisis, including multiple forms of knowledge and governance, self-organization, adaptive learning, shorter feedbacks, and ecosystem services (Folke, S. Carpenter et al. 2002; Walker and Salt 2006). We demonstrate that similar to CE, citizen science could build capacity to mitigate disaster and conflict through shortening feedbacks and through making available multiple forms of knowledge and data collection. Further, given the need for asset-based and participatory interventions post-crisis, and the paucity of existing mechanisms that address this need (Weinstein and Tidball 2007), we examine citizen science and its potential to become part of a tool kit of participatory responses that engage citizens in meaningful activity post-conflict

Outsiders within : women in management in the public service in Aotearoa/New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

This thesis explores the management practices of a small number of women in management positions within a large government department in New Zealand, and the factors influencing those practices. Using a feminist standpoint epistemology the study took as its starting point the day to day experiences of managers and their staff. Through analysis of these experiences the context of New Public Management and the reforms of the public sector in New Zealand that took place in the 1980's and 1990's were identified as important features in the management practices of the participants. The study found that the doctrines of New Public Management were embedded within the organisation from which participants were drawn. Within this context, they had an organising or mediating effect on the day to day management practices of the participants, what they valued, how they perceived management and the language they used to talk of their experiences. Overall the participants did not consider that gender relations created either supports or constraints to their management practices or their entry into management positions. They considered that gender-related constraints were a thing of the past. They did, however, note particular events that suggested that women managers continue to be judged in relation to deeply held gender stereotypes. The management practices that the participants valued and/or described as their own practice did not conform to the gendered dichotomies of management that have been prevalent in the literature on successful management and women in management in particular. The participants demonstrated a more androgynous approach to management that is adaptive and sensitive to the wider context

On the Potential Use of Adaptive Control Methods for Improving Adaptive Natural Resource Management

The paradigm of adaptive natural resource management (AM), in which experiments are used to learn about uncertain aspects of natural systems, is gaining prominence as the preferred technique for administration of large-scale environmental projects. To date, however, tools consistent with economic theory have yet to be used to either evaluate AM strategies or improve decision-making in this framework. Adaptive control (AC) techniques provide such an opportunity. This paper demonstrates the conceptual link between AC methods, the alternative treatment of realized information during a planning horizon, and AM practices; shows how the different assumptions about the treatment of observational information can be represented through alternative dynamic programming model structures; and provides a means of valuing alternative treatments of information and augmenting traditional benefit-cost analysis through a decomposition of the value function. The AC approach has considerable potential to help managers prioritize experiments, plan AM programs, simulate potential AM paths, and justify decisions based on an objective valuation framework.adaptive control, adaptive management, dynamic programming, value of experimentation, value of information, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Regulated Learning and Reflection in Teacher Education

Literature on teacher learning has shown links between being a self-regulated learner, reflecting effectively on one’s own practice, and being described as an “adaptive expert”. For instance, the metacognitive skills needed for effective reflection on teaching practice are seen as critically important to developing adaptive expertise in the context of the highly complex classroom environment. Similarly, self-regulated learning is often defined, at least in part, in terms of using metacognitive skill to adapt one’s approach to complex learning situations or problems. Although there is rich literature on reflective practice in teacher education, less is known about measuring teachers’ self-regulated learning or the relationship between self-regulated learning and teacher reflections. This research examines reflective practice and self-regulated learning through pre-service teachers’ written reflections. The study makes a novel adaptation of a rubric designed to evaluate teacher education candidates’ reflections to measure self-regulated learning. Findings suggest that the rubric could also be useful in understanding the self-regulated practices of teacher education candidates

Contribution of sustainable agricultural management practices to reduce the impacts of extreme weather events in Tropical America

One of the most accessible adaptation strategies for climate change and extreme weather events for smallholder farmers consists in the implementation of sustainable management practices. Drawing from a systematic review of 326 documents from peer-reviewed and grey literature our study analyses the potential contribution of 39 management practices to Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EBA) for two important agroecosystems (coffee and basic grains) for smallholders in Central America. Specifically, we examined which agricultural management practices confer adaptive benefits, what the specific mechanism were by which these practices conferred adaptation benefits, which of these practices can be considered to be 'EbA' and what key knowledge gaps remain. Our results suggest that many existing agricultural practices can reduce the negative impacts of extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes and droughts) on smallholder coffee, maize, and bean agroecosystems. They do so by buffering temperature extremes, reducing wind speed within the agroecosystem, increasing the genetic tolerance to climatic stresses, improving soil biophysical and biological conditions, and regulating pest and disease cycles. Many practices (e.g., tree shade in coffee, or use of cover crops and conservation tillage for basic grains) not only help farmers adapt to climate change but also provide additional livelihood benefits (such as improved income or food security), however, some trade-offs still exists. For example, shaded coffee was the most promising and documented practice for adaptation in coffee agroecosystems because the use of trees increases the resilience of the coffee plantation to extreme weather events, diversifies farm production, and increases agroecosystem biomass. However, under certain conditions shading coffee can reduce short-term coffee yield, increase the severity of some pests and diseases, and even reduce soil water content. It is therefore important that policy makers designing adaptation strategies for agricultural landscapes have a clear understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of different adaptation measures in different landscape contexts and tailor their recommendations accordingly. (Texte intégral

Aquaculture extension impacts in Bangladesh: a case study from Kapasia, Gazipur

With many ponds and high demand for fish, Bangladesh has a high potential for aquaculture . Since the 1980s, there have been many aquaculture extension projects. As a result, pond aquaculture production is estimated to have trebled between approximately 1990 and 2000, and is currently estimated to be in order of 750 000 t per year. This gave an ideal opportunity to understand the impacts of aquaculture extension. This study investigated the practices and performance of farmers about six years after specific extension efforts had ended, in order to gain a better understanding of the sustained practices and benefits achieved by fish farmers from extension. It followed up an earlier project in Kapasia Upazila (subdistrict) in Gazipur District north of the capital Dhaka, where the WorldFish Center with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Danish International Development Agency (Danida), had researched on farming systems and had introduced adaptive integrated aquaculture practices. Surveys were undertake to compare the aquaculture systems with baseline and project period data.Aquaculture, Fish-culture, Gazipur, Bangladesh,

Governing science as a complex adaptive system

Research policy is a complex matter. Copying best practices in research policy, as identified by benchmarking studies, is popular amongst policy makers but fails because of ‘knowledge asymmetries’. Research fields exhibit distinct knowledge dynamics that respond differently to governance interventions. Extending the idea of search regimes, this paper aims at providing a policy model for different knowledge dynamics by elaborating the notion of knowledge production as a complex adaptive system. Complex regimes emerge from three interacting sources of variance. In our conceptualisation, researchers are the nodes that carry the science system. Research can be considered as geographically situated practices with site specific skills, equipments and tools. The emergent science level refers to the formal communication activities of the knowledge published in journals and books, and announced in conferences. The contextual dynamics refer to the ways in which knowledge production provides resources for social and economic development. This conceptualization allows us to disaggregate knowledge dynamics both in horizontal (field related) and vertical (level related) dimensions by articulating the three different dynamics and their path dependencies (in research, science and society) in co-evolution with each other to produce distinct search regimes in each field. The implication for research governance is that generic measures can sometimes be helpful but there is clear need for disaggregated measures targeting field specific search regimes. Governing knowledge production through disaggregated measures means targeting in a distinct way not only different fields, but also, and more importantly, the interactions between local research practices, emergent scientific landscapes, and the field’s relationship to its societal context. If all three “levels” are aligned, there is a stable regime.search regime, research and innovation governance, complex adaptive system