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    ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ํ™์šฉํƒ.์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์€ ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ ์ธต ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ ์ธต ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ณต์ •์€ ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์€ ์ ์ธต ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ œ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ž ์†Œ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ œํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ, ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•„ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์ด 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ์žฌ, ๊ธธ์ด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ, ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์ œํ•œ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์˜ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๋œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ณก๋ฉด, ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์••์‹ ๋””์ŠคํŽœ์‹ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ปฌ ์Œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋Ÿฌ ํ‰ํŒ์‹ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฉ์œต ์ ์ธต ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ชฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ปค๋ธŒ๋“œ ์—ฃ์ง€ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ด์Œ์ƒˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์—์„œ ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ๊ด‘ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž ์ /๊ด‘ ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ˆ˜๋ ฅํ•™์  ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘์ž ์ ์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ƒ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘๋ถ€ ์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ’€ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ๋””์ŠคํŽœ์‹ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋น™ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒน๋ˆˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋””์ŠคํŽœ์‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ณก๋ฉด ์ƒ์— ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑด์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋น™ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธํ•œ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒน๋ˆˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋“œ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ ธ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํ˜•์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„, ์ดˆ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ •๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™๊ณ„๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ €๋ณ€์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.Generally, the manufacturing process is divided into the subtractive (top-down) type and additive type (bottom-up). Among them, the additive manufacturing process has attracted a lot of attention because it can manufacture products with complex shapes in a low-cost and short-time process. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) printing is a representative method, which has already been commercialized in the field of mechanical components and biomedical organ. However, it remains in the research and development step in the field of electronic devices and optical components. Especially, although 3D printed optical components including microlens and color filter are expected to be widely used in display and imaging systems, it is still under investigation for commercialized products, and there are limitations in terms of materials, length scale, shape, and practical applications of components. Therefore, to overcome these issues, it is required for investigating and expanding the potential usefulness for 3D printed optical components in display and imaging systems to achieve better performance, productivity, and usability in three aspects. First, it should be possible to manufacture structures with a wide range of length scales from micrometer to centimeter through various 3D printing methods. Second, complex shapes such as free-from curved surfaces and hierarchical structures should be easily fabricated. Third, it is necessary to add functionality by manufacturing structures in which tunable functions are introduced using soft materials like an elastomer. Based on the above motivations, 3D printing-based customized optical components for display and imaging system applications are introduced in this dissertation. 3D printed optical components are classified into three types and their applications are showed to verify the scalability of 3D printing: macro-scale, microscale, and hierarchical macro/micro-scale. As macro-scale printed optical components, lens and mirror which are the most basic optical components are selected. The lens is fabricated by a pneumatic-type dispensing method with the form of a cylindrical pair and adopted for demonstration of seamless modular flat panel display. Besides, a seamless modular curved-edge display is also demonstrated with a mirror, which is fabricated from fused deposition modeling (FDM)-type 3D printed mold. By simply attaching a printed lens or mirror onto the seam of the modular display, it is possible to secure seamless screen expansion technology with the various form factor of the display panel. In the case of micro-scale printed optical components, the color-convertible microlens is chosen, which act as a color converter and light extractor simultaneously in a light-emitting diode (LED). By electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing of quantum dot (QD)/photocurable polymer composite, QD-embedded hemispherical lens shape structures with various sizes are fabricated by adjusting printing conditions. Furthermore, it is applied to a blue micro-LED array for full-color micro-LED display applications. Finally, a tunable bio-inspired compound (BIC) eyes structure with a combination of dispensing and a dry-phase rubbing process is suggested as a hierarchical macro/micro-scale printed optical components. A hemispherical macrolens is formed by the dispensing method, followed by a dry-phase rubbing process for arranging micro particles in monolayer onto the curved surface of the macrolens. This hierarchical structure is replicated in soft materials, which have intrinsic stretchability. Microlens array is formed on the surface of the macrolens and acts as a rigid island, thereby maintaining lens shape, resolution, and focal length even though the mechanical strain is applied to overall hierarchical structures and the shape of the macrolens is changed. The primary purposes of this dissertation are to introduce new concepts of the enabling technologies for 3D printed optical components and to shed new light on them. Optical components can be easily made as 3D printing equipment becomes cheaper and more precise, so the field of Consumer optics or Do it yourself (DIY) optics will be gradually expanded on deformable and multi-scale optics. It is expected that this dissertation can contribute to providing a guideline for utilizing and customizing 3D printed optical components in next-generation display and imaging system applications.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Manufacturing Process 1 1.2. Additive Manufacturing 4 1.3. Printed Optical Components 8 1.4. Motivation and Organization of Dissertation 11 Chapter 2. Macro-scale Printed Optical Components 15 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Seamless Modular Flat Display with Printed Lens 20 2.2.1. Main Concept 20 2.2.2. Experimental Section 23 2.2.3. Results and Discussion 26 2.3. Seamless Modular Curved-edge Display with Printed Mirror 32 2.3.1. Main Concept 32 2.3.2. Experimental Section 33 2.3.3. Results and Discussion 36 2.4. Conclusion 46 Chapter 3. Micro-scale Printed Optical Components 47 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. Full-color Micro-LED Array with Printed Color-convertible Microlens 52 3.2.1. Main Concept 52 3.2.2. Experimental Section 54 3.2.3. Results and Discussion 57 3.3. Conclusion 65 Chapter 4. Hierarchical Macro/Micro-scale Printed Optical Components 66 4.1. Introduction 66 4.2. Tunable Bio-inspired Compound Eye with Printing and Dry-phase Rubbing Process 69 4.2.1. Main Concept 69 4.2.2. Experimental Section 71 4.2.3. Results and Discussion 73 4.3. Conclusion 79 Chapter 5. Conclusion 80 5.1. Summary 80 5.2. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Researches 83 References 88 Abstract in Korean (๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก) 107Docto

    Iterative geometric design for architecture

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    This work investigates on computer aided integrated architectural design and production. The aim is to provide integral solutions for the design and the production of geometrically complex free-form architecture. Investigations on computer aided geometric design and integrated manufacturing are carried out with equal importance. This research is considering an integral and interdisciplinary approach, including computer science, mathematics and architecture. Inspired by fractal geometry, the IFS formalism is studied with regards to discrete architectural geometric design. The geometric design method studied provides new shape control possibilities unifying two separate design paradigms of rough and smooth objects. Capable to design fractal geometric figures, the method also covers the generation of classical objects such as conics and NURBS-curves. Close attention has been paid to the design of iterative free-form surfaces, which are composed entirely out of planar elements. A surface method based on projected vector sums is proposed. The resulting geometric figures are expressed in a discrete form and can be easily translated into a coherent set of constructional elements. The studies for translation of the geometrical elements into constructional elements consider integrated manufacturing. Addressing and numbering of the elements by iterative geometric design are investigated and compared to lexicographically ordered addressing systems, in order to provide an adequate data structure for the design, production and assembly of the constructional elements. For the generation of the data describing constructional elements, problems related to thickening and offset meshes are discussed. Once the global geometry of the constructional part has been computed, parameters are defined for generic automated detailing. Hereby the entire description of the constructional elements is completed. These elements are mapped and packed with regards to the coordinate system of a CNC-machine and the properties and the dimensions of the raw material, providing the complete set of workshop plans needed for integrated manufacturing. For automated generation of machine instructions (G-code), machining strategies โ€“ depending on the type of machine used, tool and material properties โ€“ are elaborated. Finally, the integrated digital design methods studied within the scope of this thesis are tested and verified by the realization of different reduced scale prototypes. The studied applications range from bearing vault structures to fractal and smooth timber panel shell structures. The developed methods have shown to be efficient for the design and the realization of geometrically complex architectural objects. The required planning effort to handle and manipulate the design and the production data has been greatly reduced. Some of the proposed methods have proved to be robust and general enough to be applied on real world applications. Iterative geometric design provides high degree of design possibilities offering an efficient tool for the creation of smooth and rough free form objects. The possibility to incorporate successive folds in free-form objects allows structural applications

    Simulaciรณn dinรกmica y deformaciones de superfรญcies paramรฉtricas

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    Se desarrolla un modelo basado en NURBS, BSplines4D, de representaciรณn de superficies parametrizadas en 4D. El objetivo es la representaciรณn y simulaciรณn dinรกmica de superficies deformables basadas en el modelo; se realiza un estudio de las ecuaciones del movimiento, asociando un funcional de energรญa para medir la deformaciรณn de objetos, realizando un estudio riguroso sobre los mรฉtodos de integraciรณn y de discretizaciรณn, tanto temporal como espacial, determinando su adecuaciรณn para resolver el sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales generado. El movimiento y la simulaciรณn de la deformaciรณn se realizan exclusivamente usando los puntos de control 4D, obteniendo una eficiencia numรฉrica y computacional excelentes. La determinaciรณn del modelo BSplines4D se realiza tras un estudio pormenorizado de los modelos existentes. Tambiรฉn se ha utilizado para desarrollar un modelo, N-Scodef, de deformaciones de formas libres (FFD), utilizando deformaciones geomรฉtricas basadas en restricciones. Se han establecido las condiciones para aplicar restricciones con trayectorias no rectilรญneas, representadas por curvas B-Spline 4D. La deformaciรณn se adapta de forma precisa a la forma descrita por las curvasEs desenvolupa un model basat en NURBS, Bsplines4D, de representaciรณ de superfรญcies parametritzades en 4D. L'objectiu รฉs la representaciรณ i simulaciรณ dinร mica de superfรญcies deformables basades en el model; es realitza un estudi de les equacions del moviment, associant un funcional d'energia per mesurar la deformaciรณ d'objectes, realitzant un estudi rigorรณs sobre els mรจtodes d'integraciรณ i discretitzaciรณ, tant temporal com espacial, determinant la seva adequaciรณ per resoldre el sistema d'equacions diferencials generat. El moviment i la simulaciรณ de la deformaciรณ es realitzen exclusivament utilitzant els punts de control 4D, obtenint una eficiรจncia numรจrica i computacional excelยทlents. La determinaciรณ del model Bsplines4D es realitza desprรฉs d'un estudi detallat dels models existents. Tambรฉ s'ha utilitzat per desenvolupar un model, N-Scodef, de deformacions de formes lliures (FFD), utilitzant deformacions geomรจtriques basades en restriccions. S'han establert les condicions per aplicar restriccions amb trajectรฒries no rectilรญnies, representades per corbes B-Spline 4D. La deformaciรณ s'adapta de forma precisa a la forma descrita per les corbesBsplines4D, a NURBS based model, is presented. The model allows the representation of 4D parameterized surfaces. The objective is the representation and dynamic simulation of deformable surfaces based on this model; a study of the movement equations has been made, associating to them an energy functional to measure the objects' deformation. A rigorous study on the integration and discretization, both temporal and spatial, is made to evaluate its suitability to solve the system of differential equations generated. The movement and simulation of the deformation is performed only using the 4D control points. An excellent numeric and computational efficiency is achieved. The Bsplines4D model is obtained after a detailed study on the existent models. The model has been also used to develop a free-form deformable (FFD) model, N-Scodef, using geometric constraint-based deformations. The conditions to apply constraints with non rectilinear trajectories, based on 4D B-Spline curves, have been established. The deformations fit precisely to the curves form
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