The use of LANDSAT data to monitor the urban growth of Sao Paulo Metropolitan area

Urban growth from 1977 to 1979 of the region between Billings and the Guarapiranga reservoir was mapped and the problematic urban areas identified using several LANDSAT products. Visual and automatic interpretation techniques were applied to the data. Computer compatible tapes of LANDSAT multispectral scanner data were analyzed through the maximum likelihood Gaussian algorithm. The feasibility of monitoring fast urban growth by remote sensing techniques for efficient urban planning and control is demonstrated

Compression of spectral meteorological imagery

Data compression is essential to current low-earth-orbit spectral sensors with global coverage, e.g., meteorological sensors. Such sensors routinely produce in excess of 30 Gb of data per orbit (over 4 Mb/s for about 110 min) while typically limited to less than 10 Gb of downlink capacity per orbit (15 minutes at 10 Mb/s). Astro-Space Division develops spaceborne compression systems for compression ratios from as little as three to as much as twenty-to-one for high-fidelity reconstructions. Current hardware production and development at Astro-Space Division focuses on discrete cosine transform (DCT) systems implemented with the GE PFFT chip, a 32x32 2D-DCT engine. Spectral relations in the data are exploited through block mean extraction followed by orthonormal transformation. The transformation produces blocks with spatial correlation that are suitable for further compression with any block-oriented spatial compression system, e.g., Astro-Space Division's Laplacian modeler and analytic encoder of DCT coefficients

Multi-spectral window radiance observations of Cirrus from satellite and aircraft, November 2, 1986 Project FIRE

High resolution infrared radiance spectra achieved from the NASA ER2 airborne HIS experiment are used to analyze the spectral emissivity properties of cirrus clouds within the 8 to 12 micron atmospheric window region. Observations show that the cirrus emissivity generally decreases with increasing wavenumber (i.e., decreasing wavelength) within this band. A very abrupt decrease in emissivity (increase in brightness temperature) exists between 930/cm (10.8 microns) and 1000/cm (10.0 microns), the magnitude of the change being associated with the cirrus optical thickness as observed by lidar. The HIS observations are consistent with theoretical calculations of the spectral absorption coefficient for ice. The HIS observations imply that cirrus clouds can be detected unambiguously from the difference in brightness temperatures observed within the 8.2 and 11.0 micron window regions of the HIRS sounding radiometer flying on the operational NOAA satellites. This ability is demonstrated using simultaneous 25 km resolution HIRS observations and 1 km resolution AVHRR imagery achieved from the NOAA-9 satellite. Finally, the cirrus cloud location estimates combined with the 6.7 micron channel moisture imagery portray the boundaries of the ice/vapor phase of the upper troposphere moisture. This phase distinction is crucial for infrared radiative transfer considerations for weather and climate models, since upper tropospheric water vapor has little effect on the Earth's outgoing radiation whereas cirrus clouds have a very large attenuating effect

Pengaruh Reboisasi Pada Program GNKPA Tahun 2011 Terhadap Erosi Lahan Di DAS Keduang

DAS Keduang is a sub-watershed of the Wonogiri Dam catchment area. Keduang DAS is the largest supplier of sediment into the Wonogiri Dam compared with other sub-basins in the watershed entering the Wonogiri reservoir. Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo conducted reforestation program in Keduang watershed through Gerakan Nasional Kemitraan Penyelamatan Air (GNKPA) in 2011. The event aimed to minimize the impact of increasing sedimentation. The influence of the eforestation results is still uncertain. This research evaluates and analyzes quantity impacts resulting from reforestation in Keduang watershed. this research applied USLE method to analyze the soil erosion. Factors affecting soil erosion in USLE methods include: rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, length and slope gradient factor, the factor of land cover crops and conservation practical factors. This research analyze the soil erosion quantity on existing condition as well as predicted the quantity after 5, 10, an 15 years of reforestation. Arcview and Microsoft Excel were applied as tools for calculation using USLE method. The result of USLE method analysis shows that soil erosion on existing condition is 174.955 ton/ha/year, where as the predicted quantity after 5, 10 and 15 years are espectively 143.195 ton/ha/year, 127.323 ton/ha/year, and 111.450 ton/ha/year. The quantity of soil erosion has decreased every year. This decline is due to the value of C (factor of land cover) changes (decreases). With the reforestation and tree planting, which was originally sparse vegetation cover is untight or even open to betight, so that the potential of eroded soil to be small. Calculation of soil erosion prediction after 15 years with USLE method, acquired large land erosion at the study site of 111.450 ton/ha/year. Large land erosion is still exceeded the maximum rate of erosion, where the maximum limit according to Morgan (1980) in areas with tropical erodible land is 25 ton/ha/year. This is due to the research only consider the change in factor C, and areas which carried out reforestation program was limited in few villages

Contribution du sol dans la réflectance proche infrarouge de la forêt tropicale sur images SPOT

Cinq scènes SPOT situées sur les plateaux forestiers du Sud Cameroun entre 2 et 5° de latitude Nord, ont été utilisées pour étudier les variations de la luminance en fonction de la nature et de la densité du couvert forestier. Une analyse détaillée du canal proche infrarouge prenant en compte la géométrie d'acquisition, la date de prise de vue et les caractéristiques spatiales de la surface, met en évidence des variations de luminance qui ne peuvent s'expliquer que par des variations d'humidité de la surface du sol. Ainsi, la contribution du sol à la luminance totale enregistrée par le satellite SPOT sur une zone de forêt dense semble établie. (Résumé d'auteur

The absolute radiometric calibration of the advanced very high resolution radiometer

The need for independent, redundant absolute radiometric calibration methods is discussed with reference to the Thematic Mapper. Uncertainty requirements for absolute calibration of between 0.5 and 4 percent are defined based on the accuracy of reflectance retrievals at an agricultural site. It is shown that even very approximate atmospheric corrections can reduce the error in reflectance retrieval to 0.02 over the reflectance range 0 to 0.4

Macroeconomic Effects of European Integration on the Finnish Economy: A Simulation Study

The aim of this study is to discuss and to quantify the macroeconomic effects of further European integration on the countries outside the European Community. We use Finnish economy as an example in our quantitative analysis. However, for the most part of the study the analysis is in general level and thus can be applied to many other countries as well, especially to other EFTA countries